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Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a series of events resulting in DNA duplication and cell division, discovered by Prevost and Dumas in 1824. It consists of two main phases: Interphase, where the cell prepares for division, and M Phase (Mitosis), where actual cell division occurs. Mitosis is crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction, ensuring equal distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells.

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12 views11 pages

Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a series of events resulting in DNA duplication and cell division, discovered by Prevost and Dumas in 1824. It consists of two main phases: Interphase, where the cell prepares for division, and M Phase (Mitosis), where actual cell division occurs. Mitosis is crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction, ensuring equal distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells.

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Cell Cycle

Mitosis
Cell Cycle Definition
“Cell cycle refers to the series of events that take place in a cell, resulting in the duplication of
DNA and division of cytoplasm and organelles to produce two daughter cells.”
• The cell cycle was discovered by Prevost and Dumas (1824) while studying the cleavage
of the zygote of Frog.
Phases of Cell Cycle
• A typical eukaryotic cells divide once in approximately every 24 hours
• However, this duration of the cell cycle can vary from organism to organism and also from
cell type to cell type
• Yeast, for example, can progress through the cell cycle in only about 90 minutes
• The cell cycle is divided into two basic phases:
(l) Interphase
(Il) M Phase (Mitosis phase)
The M Phase represents the phase when the actual cell division or mitosis occurs and the
interphase represents the phase between two successive M phases.

It is significant to note that in the 24-hour average duration of the cell cycle of a human
cell, cell division proper lasts for only about an hour.

The interphase lasts more than 95% of the duration of cell cycle.

The M Phase starts with the nuclear division, corresponding to the separation of daughter
chromosomes (karyokinesis) and usually ends with the division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

The interphase, though called the resting phase, is the time during which the cell is
preparing for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication in an orderly
manner.
Interphase

Before entering mitosis, a cell spends a period of its growth under


interphase. It undergoes the following phases when in interphase:

• G1 Phase: This is the period before the synthesis of DNA.

• S Phase: This is the phase during which DNA synthesis takes place.

• G2 Phase: This is the phase between the end of DNA synthesis and the
beginning of the prophase.
M PHASE
• This is the most dramatic period of the cell cycle, involving a major reorganisation of all components
of the cell.

• Since the number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny cells is the same, it is also called as
equational division.

• Though for convenience mitosis has been divided into four stages of nuclear division (karyokinesis), it
is very essential to understand that cell division is a progressive process and very clear-cut lines
cannot be drawn between various stages. Karyokinesis involves following four stages:

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase


Prophase
• Prophase immediately follows the S and G2 phases of the
cycle and is marked by condensation of the genetic material
to form compact mitotic chromosomes composed of two
chromatids attached at the centromere.
• The completion of the prophase is characterised by the
initiation of the assembly of the mitotic spindle, the
microtubules and the proteinaceous components of the
cytoplasm that help in the process.
• The nuclear envelope starts disintegrating.
Metaphase

• At this stage, the microtubules start pulling the chromosomes with equal force
and the chromosome ends up in the middle of the cell. This region is known as
the metaphase plate. Thus, each cell gets an entire functioning genome.

Anaphase

• The splitting of the sister chromatids marks the onset of anaphase. These
sister chromatids become the chromosome of the daughter nuclei. The
chromosomes are then pulled towards the pole by the fibres attached to the
kinetochores of each chromosome. The centromere of each chromosome leads
at the edge while the arms trail behind it.
Telophase

• The chromosomes that cluster at the two poles start coalescing into an
undifferentiated mass, as the nuclear envelope starts forming around it.
The nucleolus, Golgi bodies and ER complex, which had disappeared after
prophase start to reappear.
Significance of Mitosis

1.Mitosis is responsible for the development of the zygote into an adult.

2.Equal distribution of chromosomes to each daughter cell.

3.It is responsible for the growth and development of an individual.

4.It maintains the constant number of chromosomes in all body cells of an


organism.

5.Mitosis is required for asexual reproduction, vegetative propagation in plants and


is also responsible for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues.

6.Mitosis helps in maintaining the purity of the genome as no recombination or


crossing over takes place.

7.It is responsible for the repair and regeneration of old and damaged cells in

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