CHAPTER FIVE

WIRELESS
NETWORKING

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 Outline
• Wireless networking
• Types of wireless networking
• Wireless LAN
• Extended Wireless LANs
• Wireless mobile networks
• Network architecture

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 Wireless Networking
• Most wireless networks consist of wireless components
communicating with a network that uses the cabling in
a mixed-component network called a hybrid network.
 Wireless Network Capabilities
 Wireless networks are attracting attention because
wireless components can:-
• Provide temporary connections to an existing, cabled
network.
• Provide some degree of portability.
• Extend networks beyond the limits of physical
connectivity.
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 Wireless connectivity can be especially useful for
networking:-
• Users who are constantly on the move.
• Isolated areas and buildings.
• Departments in which the physical setting changes
frequently and unpredictably.
• Structures, such as historic buildings, for which cabling
presents challenges.
 Types of Wireless Networks
• Wireless networks can be divided into three categories
based on their technology:
- LANs
- Extended LANs
- Mobile computing
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• Wireless LANs and extended LANs use transmitters
and receivers .
• Mobile computing uses public carriers, such as long
distance telephone companies, along with local
telephone companies and their public services, to
transmit and receive signals.
Wireless LANs
• Except for the media used, a typical wireless network
operates almost like a cabled network.
• Wireless network interface card with a transceiver is
installed in each computer.
• Users communicate with the network just as if they
were using cabled computers.
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 Access Points
• The transceiver, sometimes called an access point.
• It broadcasts and receives signals to and from the surrounding
computers.
• wireless LANs use small wall-mounted transceivers to connect
to the wired network.

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 Transmission Techniques
• Wireless LANs use four techniques for transmitting
data:-
I. Infrared transmission
II. Laser transmission
III. Narrowband (single-frequency) radio transmission
IV. Spread-spectrum radio transmission

Infrared Transmission - All infrared wireless networks

operate by using an infrared light beam to carry the data
between devices.
• The following figure shows a laptop computer using an
infrared light beam to send data to a printer. 7
• An infrared network can normally broadcast at 10
Mbps.

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 There are three types of infrared networks:-
 Line-of-sight networks: It transmits only if the
transmitter and receiver have a clear line of sight b/n
them.
 Scatter infrared networks: broadcast transmissions
are bounced off walls and ceilings and hit the receiver.
• They are effective within an area limited to about 30.5
meters (100 feet).
 Reflective networks: Optical transceivers are placed
near the computers.
 Optical transceivers redirects the transmissions to the
appropriate computer.

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Laser Transmission –It is similar to infrared
technology .
• It requires a direct line of sight.
• Any person or thing that breaks the laser beam
will block the transmission.
Narrowband (Single-Frequency) Radio Transmission
• It is similar to broadcasting from a radio station.
• The user tunes both the transmitter and the receiver to
a certain frequency.
• The broadcast range is 3000 meters.
• Transmission is in the 4.8 Mbps range.

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Spread-Spectrum Radio Transmission
• It broadcasts signals over a range of frequencies.
• This helps it avoid narrowband communication
problems.
• The available frequencies are divided into channels,
known as hops.

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 Extended Wireless LANs
• It uses wireless LAN bridge to connect networks up to
4.8 kilometers apart.
• A wireless bridge is a component that offers an easy
way to link buildings without using cable.

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 Wireless mobile networks
 Wireless mobile networks use telephone carriers and
public services to transmit and receive signals using:-
– Packet-radio communication.
– Cellular networks.
– Satellite stations.
• Transmission rates range from 8 Kbps to 19.2 Kbps.
• It uses wireless adapters that use cellular-telephone
technology to connect portable computers with the
cabled network.
• Portable computers use small antennas to
communicate with radio towers in the surrounding
area.
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• Satellites in the earth orbit pick up low-powered signals
from portable and mobile networked devices.
• This system breaks transmission into packets .
• A packet is a unit of information transmitted as a whole
from one device to another on a network.
• The packets are similar to other network packets. They
include:-
- The source address.
- The destination address.
- Error-correction information

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Frequency spectrum

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 Satellite Stations
• Microwave systems are a good choice for
interconnecting buildings in small, short-distance
systems such as those on a campus or in an industrial
park.

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 A microwave system consists of the following:-
• Two radio transceivers: one to generate (transmitting
station) and one to receive (receiving station) the
broadcast.
• Two directional antennas: pointed at each other to
implement communication of the signals broadcast by
the transceivers.
• These antennas are often installed on towers to give
them more range and to raise them above anything
that might block their signals.

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• Physical appearance of Satellite and Satellite Dish

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 Wireless advantage
• Can be used in situations where it is difficult or
impossible to install cable.

 Wireless disadvantages
• Typically, such systems are not able to meet the
performance demands of large or busy networks.
• Transmission can only occur over limited
distances and at limited bit rates.

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 UNDERSTANDING NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
 Access Methods
• How a computer puts data onto the network cable and
takes data from the cable is called an access method.
• Once data is moving on the network, access methods
help to regulate the flow of network traffic.
• Multiple computers must share access to the cable that
connects them.
• If two computers put data in the cable at the same
time, collision will be occurred.

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•Collision occurs if two computers put data on the cable at
the same time
• By making sure that only one computer at a time can
put data on the network cable, access methods
ensure that the sending and receiving of network
data is an orderly process.

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 Major Access Methods
 The three methods designed to prevent simultaneous
use of the network media include:-
1. Carrier-sense multiple access methods with collision
detection.
2. Carrier-sense multiple access methods with collision
avoidance.
3. Token-passing methods that allow only a single
opportunity to send data.

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1 - Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD).
• Using the method known as (CSMA/CD), each computer on the
network, checks the cable for network traffic.
• The following fig. illustrates when a computer can and cannot
transmit data.

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• Only when a computer "senses" that the cable is free
and that there is no traffic on the cable can it send data.
• Once the computer has transmitted data on the cable,
no other computer can transmit data until the original
data has reached its destination and the cable is free
again.
• If two or more computers happen to send data at
exactly the same time, there will be a data collision.
• When that happens, the two computers stop
transmitting for a random period of time and then
attempt to retransmit.
• Each computer determines its own waiting period.

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 (CSMA/CD) means:-
• Computers listen to or "sense" the cable (carrier-sense).
• Commonly, many computers on the network attempt to
transmit data (multiple access).
• Each one first listens to detect any possible collisions.
• If a computer detects a possible collision, it waits for a
random period of time before retransmitting (collision
detection).
• The collision-detection capability is the parameter that
imposes a distance limitation on CSMA/CD.
• Due to attenuation, the collision detection mechanism is
not effective beyond 2500 meters.
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 CSMA/CD Considerations
• The more computers there are on the network, the
more network traffic there will be.
• With more traffic, collision avoidance and collisions
tend to increase, which slows the network down, so
CSMA/CD can be a slow-access method.

 The occurrence of this problem depends on:-

• The number of users attempting to use the network.
• Which applications they are using.
Example: Database applications tend to put more traffic
on the network than word-processing applications do.
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2 - Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
• In CSMA/CA, each computer signals its intent to transmit
before it actually transmits data.
• In this way, computers sense when a collision might
occur; this allows them to avoid transmission collisions.
• Unfortunately, broadcasting the intent to transmit data
increases the amount of traffic on the cable and slows
down network performance.
3 - Token-Passing Access Method
• A special type of packet, called a token, circulates
around a cable ring from computer to computer.
• In the following figure, the server is shown transmitting
data.
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• Here the server takes control of the free token on the
ring and sends data to the computer with the address
400080865402.

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 How Networks Send Data
• Data is broken down into small, manageable packets.
• Each wrapped with the essential information needed to
get it from its source to the correct destination.
• As you see below, a computer sending large amounts of
data causes other computers to wait while the data is
being moved.

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 There are two reasons why putting large chunks of data
on the cable at one time slows down the network:-
• It monopolizes the network and make timely interaction
and communications impossible because one computer
is flooding the cable with data.
• The impact of retransmitting large units of data further
multiplies network traffic.

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 Packet Structure
 Packets can contain several types of data including:
• Data to be sent.
• A source address that identifies the sending computer.
• A destination address that identifies the recipient.
• Flow, congestion control information.
• Error-checking information to ensure that the data
arrives correctly.

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 Packet components grouped into three sections: header, data,
and trailer.
 The header includes:-
• An alert signal to indicate that the packet is being transmitted.
• The source address.
• The destination address.
• Clock information to synchronize transmission.
 The actual data being sent.
• It varies in size (from 0.5 kilobytes (KB)—to 4 KB).
 The Trailer includes cyclical redundancy check (CRC).

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 Example: Packets in Printing
• The following example illustrates, step-by-step, how
packets are used in network communications.
• A large print job must be sent from a computer to a print
server.
1 - In Figure-a, the sending computer establishes a
connection with the print server.

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2 - In Figure-b, the computer next breaks the large print job
into packets.
• Each packet contains the destination address, the
source address, the data, and control information.

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3- In Figure-c, the network interface card (NIC) in each
computer examines the receiver's address on all packets
sent on its segment of the network.

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4 - In Figure-d, the destination computer is the print
server.
• The packets enter through the cable into the NIC.

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5 - The network software processes the frame stored in
the NIC's receive buffer.
6- In Figure-e, the network operating system in the
receiving computer reassembles the packets back into
the original text file and moves the file into the
computer's memory.
• From there the file is sent to the printer.

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THANK U
?

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