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Chapter 1 Random Variable and Probability Distribution

The document covers the concepts of random variables, including discrete and continuous types, and their associated probability distributions. It explains how to construct probability mass functions, compute probabilities, and calculate the mean and variance of discrete random variables. The document also provides examples and formulas for finding the mean, variance, and standard deviation of probability distributions.

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kenrichcuyugan
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15 views21 pages

Chapter 1 Random Variable and Probability Distribution

The document covers the concepts of random variables, including discrete and continuous types, and their associated probability distributions. It explains how to construct probability mass functions, compute probabilities, and calculate the mean and variance of discrete random variables. The document also provides examples and formulas for finding the mean, variance, and standard deviation of probability distributions.

Uploaded by

kenrichcuyugan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1:

RANDOM VARIABLES AND


PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson the learners…
1.illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous).
2.distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous
random variable.
3.finds the possible values of a random variable.
4.illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete
random variable and its properties.
5.constructs the probability mass function of a discrete
random variable and its corresponding histogram.
6.computes probabilities corresponding to a given
random variable.
7.illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random
variable.
8.calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete
EXPLORING RANDOM VARIABLES
•Sample Space – the set of all possible outcomes of
any experiments.
Example: tossing a coins – (HH, HT, TH, TT)
•Variable – is a character or attribute that can
assume different values. We use capital letters to
denote or represent variable.
EXPLORING RANDOM VARIABLES
•Random Variable – is a function
that associates a real number to
each element in the sample
space. It is a variable whose
values are determined by chance.
EXPLORING RANDOM VARIABLES
• Example: Suppose three coins are tossed.
Let Y be the random variable representing
the number of tails. Find the values of the
random variable Y. Complete the table
below.
Possible Outcomes Value of a Random Variable Y

HH

HT

TH

TT
EXPLORING RANDOM VARIABLES
Solution:

Possible Value of a
Outcomes Random Variable
Y
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2

So, the possible values of the random variable Y are


EXPLORING RANDOM VARIABLES
Discrete Random Variable – it is a set of possible
outcomes that is countable.
Example: Number of defective chairs produced in a
factory.
Continuous Random Variable – it is a set of
possible outcomes on a continuous scale.
Example: Height, weights and temperatures.
CONSTRUCTING PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
Discrete Probability Distribution or Probability
Mass
Function – consists of values a random
variable can assume and the corresponding
probabilities of the values.
Example: Suppose three coins are tossed. Let
Y be the random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the probability
of each of the values of the random variable Y.
CONSTRUCTING PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
Solution:

Possible Value of a Random


Outcomes Variable Y

HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2
CONSTRUCTING PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
Solution:
Number of Probability P(Y)
Tails Y
0 0
1 ¼
1 ¼
2 2/4 or ½
CONSTRUCTING PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
Properties of a Probability Distribution
1. The probability of each value of the random
variable must be between or equal to 0 and 1.
In symbol, we write it as 0≤P(X)≤1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of
the random variable must be equal to 1. In
symbol, we write it as ∑P(x)=1.
COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Steps in computing the Mean of a Probability
Distribution
1.Construct the probability distribution for
the random variable X.
2.Multiply the value of the random variable
X by the corresponding probability.
3.Add the results obtained in step 2.
COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

The value obtained in Step 3 is


called the mean of the random
variable X or the mean of the
probability distribution of X. In
symbol, we have µ=∑X·P(X).
COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

X P(X) X·P(X)
Example: 3 0.15 0.45
4 0.10 0.40
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.25 1.50
7 0.30 2.10
∑X·P(X) = 5.45
COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Steps in Finding the Variance and the Standard Deviation of
a Probability Distribution
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random
variable X,
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in step 3 by the
corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in step 4.
COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Example:
X P(X) X·P(X) X-µ (X-µ)² (X-µ)²·P(X)

0 1/10 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484


1 2/10 2/10 -1.2 1.44 0.288
2 3/10 6/10 -0.2 0.04 0.012
3 2/10 6/10 0.8 0.64 0.128
4 2/10 8/10 1.8 3.24 0.648

∑X·P(X) = 22/10 = ∑(X-µ)²·P(X)= 1.56


2.2
µ= 2.2 Variance = 1.56
Standard
Deviation=1.25
COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of a
Discrete Probability Distribution
Variance (²)= ∑(X-µ)²·P(X
Standard Deviation ()=

Where:
X – value of the random variable
P(X) – probability of the random variable X
µ - mean of the probability distribution
COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Alternative Procedure in Finding the Variance and the
Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
2. Multiply the square of the value of the random
variable X by its corresponding probability.
3. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Subtract the square of the mean from the results
obtained in Step 3.
COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Example:
X

0
P(X)

1/10
X·P(X)

0
X²·P(X)

1 2/10 2/10 0.2

2 3/10 6/10 1.2

3 2/10 6/10 1.8

4 2/10 8/10 3.2

∑X·P(X) = 22/10 = 2.2 ∑X²·P(X)=6.4

µ= 2.2 ²=∑X²·P(X)-µ²=6.4-(2.2)²
Variance ²)=1.56
Standard Deviation ()=
=1.25
COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Alternative Procedure in Finding the Variance and the
Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution
Variance (²)= ∑X²·P(X)-µ²
Standard Deviation ()=

Where:
X – value of the random variable
P(X) – probability of the random variable X
µ - mean of the probability distribution
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING

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