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Lecture 3 INtroduction To Conclusions

Module #3 introduces various types of conclusions in logical reasoning, including comparisons, causation, assessments, recommendations, predictions, and simple beliefs. Each type is accompanied by examples and tips for identification, emphasizing the importance of keywords and indicators. The module also includes a checklist for identifying conclusions and discusses degrees of conclusions, distinguishing between definite and indefinite claims.

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Sumera Kazi
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5 views10 pages

Lecture 3 INtroduction To Conclusions

Module #3 introduces various types of conclusions in logical reasoning, including comparisons, causation, assessments, recommendations, predictions, and simple beliefs. Each type is accompanied by examples and tips for identification, emphasizing the importance of keywords and indicators. The module also includes a checklist for identifying conclusions and discusses degrees of conclusions, distinguishing between definite and indefinite claims.

Uploaded by

Sumera Kazi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module # 3

Introduction to
Conclusions
Instructor: Sumera Kazi
1. Logic and its terms
Getting 2. Introduction to Arguments
started 3. Introduction to Conclusions
with 4. Introduction to Evidences
Logical 5. Introduction to Flaws

Reasoning 6. Anatomy of a Logical Reasoning Question


7. Practice
1. Comparisons
 This type of conclusion compares two elements with
each other or compares one element with itself.
 Examples
Types of  It’s clear that this year’s candidate is stronger
Conclusion than last year’s candidate.
 It’s clear that this year’s candidate understands the
public’s wishes better than she did a year ago.
 Top tip: Common indicators Comparative words
(better than, healthier than, more useful than) can
help you identify a conclusion as a comparison
2. Causation
 When one thing (such as an event, action, phenomenon)
directly affects another, it's a causal relationship.
 Examples

Types of  Last night, I took cough medicine and today I feel much better.
So that cough medicine is really effective. (Cause: cough
Conclusion medicine; effect: feeling better)
 John gets good grades without trying very hard, and his
cont. teachers have said multiple times how much they like him. The
only possible way that John maintains his good grades is
because of how much his teachers like him. (Cause: teachers
liking John; effect: good grades)
 Top tip: Not so fast! If someone believes something to be
true because of certain facts being true, that isn't necessarily a
causal relationship.
 Example: My friend always calls me on Wednesdays. Therefore,
she's definitely going to call me tomorrow. There is no direct cause
and effect here because there isn't something that is directly
affecting something else.
3.Assessments
 When an arguer assigns a certain subjective attribute
to something, you might call it an assessment.
 Examples
Types of  The flower is beautiful.
Conclusion  This policy is very clear and helpful.
cont.  The outcome of this upgrade will be beneficial.
 Note: Scientific facts aren't assessments “The
sun is made up of several gases” is a fact; “The sun is
a joyful sight” is an assessment.
4. Recommendations
 This type of conclusion asserts the best method or
course of action (or, in its negative form,
recommends against a certain method or course of
action).

Types of  Examples
 In treating this disease, physicians should favor
Conclusion Treatment X.
cont.  It’s likely that extending the warranty is the only way
to gain new customers.
 Top tip: look out for common indicators Often, a
keyword such as “should” or “ought to” will signal a
recommendation to you.
5. Predictions
 A prediction asserts the arguer’s opinion about
something that will take place in the near or distant
future.
Types of  Examples
Conclusion  Obviously, the tennis match will be rescheduled.
cont.  Our homeless population may not be reduced by
next year.
 It will rain, till whole week.
6. Simple Beliefs
 These are conclusions that are plain claims that the
arguer believes to be true and that aren't comparisons,
assessments, recommendations, or predictions.
Types of  Examples
Conclusion  It’s clear that the student cheated on the test.
cont.  The thief is probably still in the house somewhere.
 Boss angry face was obvious.
Checklist
 ✓ Find the point (claim/conclusion sentence)
Identify  ✓ Look for support indicator (Ground/ Evidence)
the  ✓ Double-check the claim (Warrant)

conclusion  ✓ Helpful
 ✓ Look for conclusion indicator words
 ✓ Clarify pronoun
 ✓ Match it!
 “Degree can help you eliminate choices
quickly”
1. Definite
 Referred to as categorical conclusions, signaled by keywords
to indicate that something is true either 100% or 0% of the
time. For example:
 every
 all
Degrees of  none
Conclusion  never
 will

2. Indefinite
 Referred to as qualified conclusions, signaled by keywords to
indicate that something isn’t necessarily true 100% or 0% of
the time. For example:
 Likelihood: likely, unlikely, possible, could, might
 Quantity: some, most, more
 Frequency: rarely, seldom, often, sometimes, usually
 Proximity: almost, nearly

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