Arrays

Java Software Solutions

Foundations of Program Design
Seventh Edition

John Lewis
William Loftus

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Arrays
• Arrays are objects that help us organize large
amounts of information
• Chapter 8 focuses on:
– array declaration and use
– bounds checking and capacity
– arrays that store object references
– variable length parameter lists
– multidimensional arrays

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Outline

Declaring and Using Arrays

Arrays of Objects
Variable Length Parameter Lists
Two-Dimensional Arrays

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Arrays

• An array is a programming language construct used

to organize a list of objects or primitive data types

• It has special syntax to access elements

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Arrays
• An array is an ordered list of values:

The entire array Each value has a numeric index

has a single name

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

scores 79 87 94 82 67 98 87 81 74 91

An array of size N is indexed from zero to N-1

This array holds 10 values that are indexed from 0 to 9

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Arrays
• A particular value in an array is referenced using the
array name followed by the index in brackets

• For example, the expression

scores[2]

refers to the value 94 (the 3rd value in the array)

• That expression represents a place to store a single

integer and can be used wherever an integer
variable can be used

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Arrays
• For example, an array element can be assigned a
value, printed, or used in a calculation:

scores[2] = 89;
scores[first] = scores[first] + 2;
mean = (scores[0] + scores[1])/2;
System.out.println ("Top = " + scores[5]);

pick = scores[rand.nextInt(11)];

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Arrays
• The values held in an array are called array
elements
• An array stores multiple values of the same type
( the element type )
• The element type can be a primitive data type or an
object reference
• !!!! Therefore, we can create an array of integers, an
array of characters, an array of String objects, an
array of Coin objects, etc.

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Arrays
• In Java, the array itself is an object that must be
instantiated
• Another way to depict the scores array:

scores 79
87
94
82
The name of the array 67
is an object reference 98
variable
87
81
74
91
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Declaring Arrays
• The scores array could be declared as follows:
int[] scores = new int[10];

• The type of the variable scores is int[] (an array

of integers)

• Note that the array type does not specify its size,
but each object of that type has a specific size

• The reference variable scores is set to a new array

object that can hold 10 integers
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Declaring Arrays
Some other examples of array declarations:

 int[] weights = new int[2000];

 double[] prices = new double[500];
 boolean[] flags;
flags = new boolean[20];
 char[] codes = new char[1750];

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Using Arrays
• The for-each loop can be used when processing
array elements:
for (int score : scores)
System.out.println (score);

• This is only appropriate when processing all array

elements starting at index 0

• See BasicArray.java

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// BasicArray.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates basic array declaration and use.
//********************************************************************

public class BasicArray

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates an array, fills it with various integer values,
// modifies one value, then prints them out.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int LIMIT = 15, MULTIPLE = 10;

int[] list = new int[LIMIT];

// Initialize the array values

for (int index = 0; index < LIMIT; index++)
list[index] = index * MULTIPLE;

list[5] = 999; // change one array value

// Print the array values

for (int value : list)
System.out.print (value + " ");
}
}
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 //********************************************************************
// BasicArray.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates basic array declaration and use.
//********************************************************************

public class BasicArray

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates an array, fills it with various integer values,
// modifies one value, then prints them out.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int LIMIT = 15, MULTIPLE = 10;
Output
int[] list = new int[LIMIT];
0 10 20 30 40 999 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
// Initialize the array values
for (int index = 0; index < LIMIT; index++)
list[index] = index * MULTIPLE;

list[5] = 999; // change one array value

// Print the array values

for (int value : list)
System.out.print (value + " ");
}
}
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Basic Array Example

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Quick Check
Write an array declaration to represent the ages of
100 children.

Write code that prints each value in an array of

integers named values.

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Quick Check
Write an array declaration to represent the ages of
100 children.

int[] ages = new int[100];

Write code that prints each value in an array of

integers named values.

for (int value : values)

System.out.println(value);

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Bounds Checking
• Once an array is created, it has a fixed size

• The index value must be in range 0 to N-1

• The Java interpreter throws an
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if an array
index is out of bounds
• This is called automatic bounds checking

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Bounds Checking
• For example, if the array codes can hold 100
values, it can be indexed from 0 to 99
• If the value of count is 100, then the following
reference will cause an exception to be thrown:
System.out.println(codes[count]);

• It’s common to introduce off-by-one errors when

using arrays:
problem

for (int index=0; index <= 100; index++)

codes[index] = index*50 + epsilon;

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bounds Checking
• Each array object has a public constant called
length that stores the size of the array
• It is referenced using the array name:
scores.length

• Note that length holds the number of elements,

not the largest index
• See ReverseOrder.java
• See LetterCount.java

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// LetterCount.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the relationship between arrays and strings.
//********************************************************************

import java.util.Scanner;

public class LetterCount

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads a sentence from the user and counts the number of
// uppercase and lowercase letters contained in it.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int NUMCHARS = 26;

Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);

int[] upper = new int[NUMCHARS];

int[] lower = new int[NUMCHARS];

char current; // the current character being processed

int other = 0; // counter for non-alphabetics

continue

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continue

System.out.println ("Enter a sentence:");

String line = scan.nextLine();

// Count the number of each letter occurence

for (int ch = 0; ch < line.length(); ch++)
{
current = line.charAt(ch);
if (current >= 'A' && current <= 'Z')
upper[current-'A']++;
else
if (current >= 'a' && current <= 'z')
lower[current-'a']++;
else
other++;
}

continue

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continue

// Print the results

System.out.println ();
for (int letter=0; letter < upper.length; letter++)
{
System.out.print ( (char) (letter + 'A') );
System.out.print (": " + upper[letter]);
System.out.print ("\t\t" + (char) (letter + 'a') );
System.out.println (": " + lower[letter]);
}

System.out.println ();
System.out.println ("Non-alphabetic characters: " + other);
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sample Run
Enter a sentence:
In Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart never says "Play it again, Sam."
continue
A: 0 a: 10
// Print the results
B: 1 b: 1
System.out.println ();
C: 1 c: 1
for (int letter=0; letter < upper.length; letter++)
D: 0 { d: 0
E: 0 System.out.print
e: 3 ( (char) (letter + 'A') );
F: 0 System.out.print
f: 0 (": " + upper[letter]);
G: 0 g: 2 Sample Run
System.out.print ("\t\t" + (char) (letter(continued)
+ 'a') );
System.out.println (": " + lower[letter]);
H: 1 } h: 1 R: 0 r: 3
I: 1 i: 2 S: 1 s: 3
J: 0 j: 0
System.out.println (); T: 0 t: 2
K: 0 k: 0
System.out.println ("Non-alphabetic
U: 0 characters:
u: 1 " + other);
L: 0} l: 2 V: 0 v: 1
M:} 0 m: 2 W: 0 w: 0
N: 0 n: 4 X: 0 x: 0
O: 0 o: 1 Y: 0 y: 3
P: 1 p: 1 Z: 0 z: 0
Q: 0 q: 0
Non-alphabetic characters: 14
continue
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
//********************************************************************
// ReverseOrder.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates array index processing.
//********************************************************************

import java.util.Scanner;

public class ReverseOrder

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads a list of numbers from the user, storing them in an
// array, then prints them in the opposite order.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);

double[] numbers = new double[10];

System.out.println ("The size of the array: " + numbers.length);

continue

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continue

for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; index++)

{
System.out.print ("Enter number " + (index+1) + ": ");
numbers[index] = scan.nextDouble();
}

System.out.println ("The numbers in reverse order:");

for (int index = numbers.length-1; index >= 0; index--)

System.out.print (numbers[index] + " ");
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sample Run
The size of the array: 10
Enter number 1: 18.36
continue
Enter number 2: 48.9
Enter number 3: 53.5
for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; index++)
Enter number
{
4: 29.06
Enter number 5: 72.404 ("Enter number " + (index+1) + ": ");
System.out.print
Enter number 6: 34.8 = scan.nextDouble();
numbers[index]
Enter number
} 7: 63.41
Enter number 8: 45.55
System.out.println
Enter number 9: 69.0 ("The numbers in reverse order:");
Enter number 10: 99.18
for (int index = numbers.length-1; index >= 0; index--)
The numbers in reverse order:
System.out.print (numbers[index] + " ");
99.18
} 69.0 45.55 63.41 34.8 72.404 29.06 53.5 48.9 18.36
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alternate Array Syntax
• The brackets of the array type can be associated
with the element type or with the name of the array
• Therefore the following two declarations are
equivalent:
double[] prices;
double prices[];

• The first format generally is more readable and

should be used

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Initializer Lists
• An initializer list can be used to instantiate and fill an
array in one step
• The values are delimited by braces and separated
by commas
• Examples:

int[] units = {147, 323, 89, 933, 540,

269, 97, 114, 298, 476};

char[] grades = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', ’F'};

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Initializer Lists
• !! Note that when an initializer list is used:
– the new operator is not used

• The size of the array is determined by the number

of items in the list
• An initializer list can be used only in the array
declaration
• See Primes.java

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// Primes.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of an initializer list for an array.
//********************************************************************

public class Primes

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Stores some prime numbers in an array and prints them.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int[] primeNums = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19};

System.out.println ("Array length: " + primeNums.length);

System.out.println ("The first few prime numbers are:");

for (int prime : primeNums)

System.out.print (prime + " ");
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Output
//********************************************************************
// Primes.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// Array length: 8
// DemonstratesThe
the first
use of few
an initializer list for
prime numbers are:an array.
//********************************************************************
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19
public class Primes
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Stores some prime numbers in an array and prints them.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int[] primeNums = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19};

System.out.println ("Array length: " + primeNums.length);

System.out.println ("The first few prime numbers are:");

for (int prime : primeNums)

System.out.print (prime + " ");
}
}

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Arrays as Parameters
• An entire array can be passed as a parameter to a
method
• Like any other object, the reference to the array is
passed, making the formal and actual parameters
aliases of each other
• Therefore, changing an array element within the
method changes the original
• An individual array element can be passed to a
method as well, that is, each element in the array
can be used seperately just like a variable

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outline

Declaring and Using Arrays

Arrays of Objects
Variable Length Parameter Lists
Two-Dimensional Arrays

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Arrays of Objects
• The elements of an array can be object references
• The following declaration reserves space to store 5
references to String objects
String[] words = new String[5];

• It does NOT create the String objects themselves

• Initially an array of objects holds null references
• Each object stored in an array must be instantiated
separately

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Arrays of Objects
• The words array when initially declared:

words -
-
-
-
-

• At this point, the following line of code would throw

a NullPointerException:
System.out.println(words[0]);

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Arrays of Objects
• After some String objects are created and stored
in the array:

words "friendship"
"loyalty"
"honor"
-
-

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Arrays of Objects
• Keep in mind that String objects can be created
using literals

• The following declaration creates an array object

called verbs and fills it with four String objects
created using string literals

String[] verbs = {"play", "work", "eat",

"sleep", "run"};

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Arrays of Objects
• The following example creates an array of Grade
objects, each with a string representation and a
numeric lower bound
• The letter grades include plus and minus
designations, so must be stored as strings instead
of char
• See GradeRange.java
• See Grade.java

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// Grade.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Represents a school grade.
//********************************************************************

public class Grade

{
private String name;
private int lowerBound;

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructor: Sets up this Grade object with the specified
// grade name and numeric lower bound.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public Grade (String grade, int cutoff)
{
name = grade;
lowerBound = cutoff;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns a string representation of this grade.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public String toString()
{
return name + "\t" + lowerBound;
}

continue
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continue

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Name mutator.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public void setName (String grade)
{
name = grade;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Lower bound mutator.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public void setLowerBound (int cutoff)
{
lowerBound = cutoff;
}

continue

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continue

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Name accessor.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public String getName()
{
return name;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Lower bound accessor.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public int getLowerBound()
{
return lowerBound;
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// GradeRange.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of an array of objects.
//********************************************************************

public class GradeRange

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates an array of Grade objects and prints them.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Grade[] grades =
{
new Grade("A", 95), new Grade("A-", 90),
new Grade("B+", 87), new Grade("B", 85), new Grade("B-", 80),
new Grade("C+", 77), new Grade("C", 75), new Grade("C-", 70),
new Grade("D+", 67), new Grade("D", 65), new Grade("D-", 60),
new Grade("F", 0)
};

for (Grade letterGrade : grades)

System.out.println (letterGrade);
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Output
//********************************************************************
// GradeRange.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// A 95
// Demonstrates the use of an
A- array
90 of objects.
//********************************************************************
B+ 87
B 85
public class GradeRange
{ B- 80
C+ 77
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
C
// Creates an array of Grade 75
objects and prints them.
C- 70
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[]
D+ 67 args)
{ D 65
Grade[] grades =
D- 60
{
new Grade("A", 95), Fnew 0
Grade("A-", 90),
new Grade("B+", 87), new Grade("B", 85), new Grade("B-", 80),
new Grade("C+", 77), new Grade("C", 75), new Grade("C-", 70),
new Grade("D+", 67), new Grade("D", 65), new Grade("D-", 60),
new Grade("F", 0)
};

for (Grade letterGrade : grades)

System.out.println (letterGrade);
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Arrays of Objects
• Now let's look at an example that manages a
collection of DVD objects
• An initial capacity of 100 is created for the
collection
• If more room is needed, a private method is used to
create a larger array and transfer the current DVDs
• See Movies.java
• See DVDCollection.java
• See DVD.java

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// DVD.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Represents a DVD video disc.
//********************************************************************

import java.text.NumberFormat;

public class DVD

{
private String title, director;
private int year;
private double cost;
private boolean bluRay;

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates a new DVD with the specified information.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public DVD (String title, String director, int year, double cost,
boolean bluRay)
{
this.title = title;
this.director = director;
this.year = year;
this.cost = cost;
this.bluRay = bluRay;
}

continue
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continue

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns a string description of this DVD.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public String toString()
{
NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();

String description;

description = fmt.format(cost) + "\t" + year + "\t";

description += title + "\t" + director;

if (bluRay)
description += "\t" + "Blu-Ray";

return description;
}
}

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//********************************************************************
// DVDCollection.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Represents a collection of DVD movies.
//********************************************************************

import java.text.NumberFormat;

public class DVDCollection

{
private DVD[] collection;
private int count;
private double totalCost;

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructor: Creates an initially empty collection.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public DVDCollection ()
{
collection = new DVD[100];
count = 0;
totalCost = 0.0;
}

continue

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continue

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Adds a DVD to the collection, increasing the size of the
// collection array if necessary.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public void addDVD (String title, String director, int year,
double cost, boolean bluRay)
{
if (count == collection.length)
increaseSize();

collection[count] = new DVD (title, director, year, cost, bluRay);

totalCost += cost;
count++;
}

continue

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continue

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns a report describing the DVD collection.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public String toString()
{
NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();

String report = "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n";

report += "My DVD Collection\n\n";

report += "Number of DVDs: " + count + "\n";

report += "Total cost: " + fmt.format(totalCost) + "\n";
report += "Average cost: " + fmt.format(totalCost/count);

report += "\n\nDVD List:\n\n";

for (int dvd = 0; dvd < count; dvd++)

report += collection[dvd].toString() + "\n";

return report;
}

continue

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continue

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Increases the capacity of the collection by creating a
// larger array and copying the existing collection into it.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
private void increaseSize ()
{
DVD[] temp = new DVD[collection.length * 2];

for (int dvd = 0; dvd < collection.length; dvd++)

temp[dvd] = collection[dvd];

collection = temp;
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// Movies.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of an array of objects.
//********************************************************************

public class Movies

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates a DVDCollection object and adds some DVDs to it. Prints
// reports on the status of the collection.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
DVDCollection movies = new DVDCollection();

movies.addDVD ("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppala", 1972, 24.95, true);

movies.addDVD ("District 9", "Neill Blomkamp", 2009, 19.95, false);
movies.addDVD ("Iron Man", "Jon Favreau", 2008, 15.95, false);
movies.addDVD ("All About Eve", "Joseph Mankiewicz", 1950, 17.50, false);
movies.addDVD ("The Matrix", "Andy & Lana Wachowski", 1999, 19.95, true);

System.out.println (movies);

movies.addDVD ("Iron Man 2", "Jon Favreau", 2010, 22.99, false);

movies.addDVD ("Casablanca", "Michael Curtiz", 1942, 19.95, false);

System.out.println (movies);
}
}
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
//********************************************************************

//
Output
// Movies.java Author: Lewis/Loftus

// Demonstrates the use of an array of objects.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//********************************************************************
My DVD Collection
public class Movies
{ Number of DVDs: 5
Total cost: $98.30
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Average
Creates cost: $19.66
a DVDCollection object and adds some DVDs to it. Prints
// reports on the status of the collection.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
DVD List:
public static void main (String[] args)
{
$24.95 1972 The Godfather Francis Ford Coppala
DVDCollection movies = new DVDCollection();
Blu-Ray
$19.95 2009 District 9 Neill Blomkamp
$15.95 2008 ("The
movies.addDVD Iron Man Jon"Francis
Godfather", FavreauFord Coppala", 1972, 24.95, true);
$17.50 1950 ("District
movies.addDVD All About 9",Eve Joseph
"Neill Mankiewicz
Blomkamp", 2009, 19.95, false);
movies.addDVD
$19.95 1999 ("Iron
The Man",
Matrix"Jon Favreau",
Andy & Lana 2008, 15.95, false);
Wachowski Blu-Ray
movies.addDVD ("All About Eve", "Joseph Mankiewicz", 1950, 17.50, false);
movies.addDVD ("The Matrix", "Andy & Lana Wachowski", 1999, 19.95, true);
continue
System.out.println (movies);

movies.addDVD ("Iron Man 2", "Jon Favreau", 2010, 22.99, false);

movies.addDVD ("Casablanca", "Michael Curtiz", 1942, 19.95, false);

System.out.println (movies);
}
}
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
//********************************************************************

//
Output
// Movies.java Author: Lewis/Loftus

// Demonstrates the use of an array of objects.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//********************************************************************
My DVD Collection
Output
public class Movies (continued)
{ Number of DVDs: 5
Total~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
cost: $98.30
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Average
My cost:
Creates DVD $19.66
Collection
a DVDCollection object and adds some DVDs to it. Prints
// reports on the status of the collection.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
DVD List:
Number of DVDs: 7
public static
Total void main
cost: (String[] args)
$141.24
{
$24.95 1972 cost:
Average The $20.18
Godfather Francis Ford Coppala
DVDCollection movies = new DVDCollection();
Blu-Ray
$19.95 2009 District 9 Neill Blomkamp
$15.95DVD2008
List:
movies.addDVD Iron
("The Man Jon"Francis
Godfather", FavreauFord Coppala", 1972, 24.95, true);
$17.50 1950 ("District
movies.addDVD All About 9",Eve Joseph
"Neill Mankiewicz
Blomkamp", 2009, 19.95, false);
movies.addDVD
$19.95 ("Iron
The Man",
1999 1972
$24.95 Matrix"Jon Favreau",
Andy
The Godfather & Lana 2008, 15.95,
Wachowski
Francis false);
Blu-Ray Blu-Ray
Ford Coppala
movies.addDVD ("All About
$19.95 2009 Eve", "Joseph
District 9 NeillMankiewicz",
Blomkamp 1950, 17.50, false);
movies.addDVD
continue ("The Matrix",
$15.95 2008 "Andy &
Iron Man Lana
Jon Wachowski", 1999, 19.95, true);
Favreau
$17.50 1950 All About Eve Joseph Mankiewicz
System.out.println (movies);
$19.95 1999 The Matrix Andy & Lana Wachowski Blu-Ray
$22.99 2010
movies.addDVD Iron
("Iron Man 2",Man
"Jon2 Favreau",
Jon Favreau
2010, 22.99, false);
$19.95 1942
movies.addDVD Casablanca
("Casablanca", Michael
"Michael Curtiz
Curtiz", 1942, 19.95, false);

System.out.println (movies);
}
}
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arrays of Objects
• A UML diagram for the Movies program:

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Command-Line Arguments
• The signature of the main method indicates that it
takes an array of String objects as a parameter
• These values come from command-line arguments
that are provided when the interpreter is invoked
• For example, the following invocation of the
interpreter passes three String objects into the
main method of the StateEval program:
java StateEval pennsylvania texas arizona

• See NameTag.java

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// NameTag.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of command line arguments.
//********************************************************************

public class NameTag

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a simple name tag using a greeting and a name that is
// specified by the user.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ();
System.out.println (" " + args[0]);
System.out.println ("My name is " + args[1]);
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Command-Line Execution
//********************************************************************
// NameTag.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// > java NameTag Howdy John
// Demonstrates the use of command line arguments.
//********************************************************************
Howdy
My name is John
public class NameTag
{
> java NameTag Hello Bill
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a simple name tag using a greeting and a name that is
Hello
// specified by the user.
My name is Bill
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ();
System.out.println (" " + args[0]);
System.out.println ("My name is " + args[1]);
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outline

Declaring and Using Arrays

Arrays of Objects
Variable Length Parameter Lists
Two-Dimensional Arrays

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Variable Length Parameter Lists
• Suppose we wanted to create a method that
processed a different amount of data from one
invocation to the next
• For example, let's define a method called average
that returns the average of a set of integer
parameters

// one call to average three values

mean1 = average (42, 69, 37);
// another call to average seven values
mean2 = average (35, 43, 93, 23, 40, 21, 75);

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Variable Length Parameter Lists
• We could define overloaded versions of the
average method
– Downside: we'd need a separate version of the method
for each additional parameter

• We could define the method to accept an array of

integers
– Downside: we'd have to create the array and store the
integers prior to calling the method each time

• Instead, Java provides a convenient way to create

variable length parameter lists

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Variable Length Parameter Lists
• Using special syntax in the formal parameter list, we
can define a method to accept any number of
parameters of the same type
• For each call, the parameters are automatically put
into an array for easy processing in the method
Indicates a variable length parameter list

public double average (int ... list)

{
// whatever
} element array
type name

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Variable Length Parameter Lists
public double average (int ... list)
{
double result = 0.0;

if (list.length != 0)
{
int sum = 0;
for (int num : list)
sum += num;
result = (double)num / list.length;
}

return result;
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Variable Length Parameter Lists
• The type of the parameter can be any primitive or
object type:

public void printGrades (Grade ... grades)

{
for (Grade letterGrade : grades)
System.out.println (letterGrade);
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Quick Check
Write method called distance that accepts a
variable number of integers (which each represent
the distance of one leg of a trip) and returns the total
distance of the trip.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Quick Check
Write method called distance that accepts a
variable number of integers (which each represent
the distance of one leg of a trip) and returns the total
distance of the trip.

public int distance (int ... list)

{
int sum = 0;
for (int num : list)
sum = sum + num;
return sum;
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Variable Length Parameter Lists
• A method that accepts a variable number of
parameters can also accept other parameters
• The following method accepts an int, a String
object, and a variable number of double values
into an array called nums

public void test (int count, String name,

double ... nums)
{
// whatever
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Variable Length Parameter Lists
• !!!!! The varying number of parameters must come
last in the formal arguments
• !!!!!! A method cannot accept two sets of varying
parameters
• Constructors can also be set up to accept a
variable number of parameters
• See VariableParameters.java
• See Family.java

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// Family.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of variable length parameter lists.
//********************************************************************

public class Family

{
private String[] members;

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructor: Sets up this family by storing the (possibly
// multiple) names that are passed in as parameters.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public Family (String ... names)
{
members = names;
}

continue

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

continue

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns a string representation of this family.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public String toString()
{
String result = "";

for (String name : members)

result += name + "\n";

return result;
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// VariableParameters.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of a variable length parameter list.
//********************************************************************

public class VariableParameters

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates two Family objects using a constructor that accepts
// a variable number of String objects as parameters.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Family lewis = new Family ("John", "Sharon", "Justin", "Kayla",
"Nathan", "Samantha");

Family camden = new Family ("Stephen", "Annie", "Matt", "Mary",

"Simon", "Lucy", "Ruthie", "Sam", "David");

System.out.println(lewis);
System.out.println();
System.out.println(camden);
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Output
//********************************************************************
// VariableParameters.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// John
// Demonstrates the use of aSharon
variable length parameter list.
//********************************************************************
Justin
Kayla
public class VariableParameters
{ Nathan
Samantha
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates two Family objects using a constructor that accepts
Stephen
// a variable number of String objects as parameters.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
Annie
public static void main (String[]
Matt args)
{
Mary
Family lewis = new Family ("John", "Sharon", "Justin", "Kayla",
Simon
"Nathan", "Samantha");
Lucy
Ruthie
Family camden = new Family ("Stephen", "Annie", "Matt", "Mary",
Sam
"Simon", "Lucy", "Ruthie", "Sam", "David");
David
System.out.println(lewis);
System.out.println();
System.out.println(camden);
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outline

Declaring and Using Arrays

Arrays of Objects
Variable Length Parameter Lists
Two-Dimensional Arrays

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Two-Dimensional Arrays
• A one-dimensional array stores a list of elements
• A two-dimensional array can be thought of as a
table of elements, with rows and columns

one two
dimension dimensions

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Two-Dimensional Arrays
• To be precise, in Java a two-dimensional array is
an array of arrays
• A two-dimensional array is declared by specifying
the size of each dimension separately:
int[][] table = new int[12][50];

• A array element is referenced using two index

values:
value = table[3][6]

• The array stored in one row can be specified using

one index
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Expression Type Description
table int[][] 2D array of integers, or
array of integer arrays
table[5] int[] array of integers

table[5][12] int integer

• See TwoDArray.java
• See SodaSurvey.java

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// TwoDArray.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of a two-dimensional array.
//********************************************************************

public class TwoDArray

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates a 2D array of integers, fills it with increasing
// integer values, then prints them out.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int[][] table = new int[5][10];

// Load the table with values

for (int row=0; row < table.length; row++)
for (int col=0; col < table[row].length; col++)
table[row][col] = row * 10 + col;

// Print the table

for (int row=0; row < table.length; row++)
{
for (int col=0; col < table[row].length; col++)
System.out.print (table[row][col] + "\t");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 //********************************************************************
// TwoDArray.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
Output
// Demonstrates the use of a two-dimensional array.
//********************************************************************
0 1public
2 class
3 4TwoDArray
5 6 7 8 9
10 11
{ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 //-----------------------------------------------------------------
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 //32 Creates
33 34 a 35 36 37
2D array 38 39
of integers, fills it with increasing
40 41 //42 integer
43 44 values,
45 46then 47 prints
48 49them out.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int[][] table = new int[5][10];

// Load the table with values

for (int row=0; row < table.length; row++)
for (int col=0; col < table[row].length; col++)
table[row][col] = row * 10 + col;

// Print the table

for (int row=0; row < table.length; row++)
{
for (int col=0; col < table[row].length; col++)
System.out.print (table[row][col] + "\t");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
//********************************************************************
// SodaSurvey.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of a two-dimensional array.
//********************************************************************

import java.text.DecimalFormat;

public class SodaSurvey

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Determines and prints the average of each row (soda) and each
// column (respondent) of the survey scores.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int[][] scores = { {3, 4, 5, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4},
{2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2},
{3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 3, 2, 5, 5, 5},
{1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4} };

final int SODAS = scores.length;

final int PEOPLE = scores[0].length;

int[] sodaSum = new int[SODAS];

int[] personSum = new int[PEOPLE];

continue

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

continue

for (int soda=0; soda < SODAS; soda++)

for (int person=0; person < PEOPLE; person++)
{
sodaSum[soda] += scores[soda][person];
personSum[person] += scores[soda][person];
}

DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat ("0.#");

System.out.println ("Averages:\n");

for (int soda=0; soda < SODAS; soda++)

System.out.println ("Soda #" + (soda+1) + ": " +
fmt.format ((float)sodaSum[soda]/PEOPLE));

System.out.println ();
for (int person=0; person < PEOPLE; person++)
System.out.println ("Person #" + (person+1) + ": " +
fmt.format ((float)personSum[person]/SODAS));
}
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

continue Output
Averages:
for (int soda=0; soda < SODAS; soda++)
for (int person=0; person < PEOPLE; person++)
{ Soda #1: 3.2
sodaSum[soda]Soda
+= scores[soda][person];
#2: 2.6
personSum[person]
Soda #3:scores[soda][person];
+= 4.2
}
Soda #4: 1.9
DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat ("0.#");
System.out.println Person #1: 2.2
("Averages:\n");
Person #2: 3.5
Person
for (int soda=0; soda #3: 3.2
< SODAS; soda++)
System.out.println ("Soda
Person #4:#"3.5
+ (soda+1) + ": " +
fmt.format
Person((float)sodaSum[soda]/PEOPLE));
#5: 2.5
Person #6: 3
System.out.println ();
for (int person=0; Person
person <#7: 2
PEOPLE; person++)
Person #8: 2.8
System.out.println ("Person #" + (person+1) + ": " +
Person((float)personSum[person]/SODAS));
fmt.format #9: 3.2
} Person #10: 3.8
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Multidimensional Arrays
• An array can have many dimensions – if it has
more than one dimension, it is called a
multidimensional array
• Each dimension subdivides the previous one into
the specified number of elements
• Each dimension has its own length constant
• Because each dimension is an array of array
references, the arrays within one dimension can be
of different lengths
– these are sometimes called ragged arrays
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.