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Lect 1

The document outlines the fundamentals of chemistry, covering topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, and electron configuration. It details historical contributions to atomic theory and the periodic table, as well as the classification of elements and their properties. Additionally, it includes information on course assessments and the significance of the mole in chemistry.

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20 views115 pages

Lect 1

The document outlines the fundamentals of chemistry, covering topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, and electron configuration. It details historical contributions to atomic theory and the periodic table, as well as the classification of elements and their properties. Additionally, it includes information on course assessments and the significance of the mole in chemistry.

Uploaded by

qarmgfx1521
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Course Contents

• Fundamentals of Chemistry including macroscopic


behavior of basic states of matter
• Energetics of chemical bonding and its applications
• Solution and colloids, Special emphasis on acid base
equilibria in aqueous solutions
• Buffers and pH
• Hydrocarbons
• Factors affecting the chemical reactivity of organic
functional groups
• Molecular spectroscopy and modern analytical
techniques with applications
•
1
Bookboon.com
Introductory chemistry by Edward W Pitzer
Will add more books side by side
• Final Exam 40%
• Midterm Exam 25%
• Assignments/ Lab 20%
• Quizzes 15%
History of Atomic Structure
• John Dalton - Produced the first atomic theory
Taught that atoms were hard round spheres
• Michael Faraday - Split compounds by electrolysis
and showed that atoms have electrical properties
• Joseph John Thompson - Used cathode ray tube to
discover the negative charged electron and the mass
to charge ratio on the electron
• Eugene Goldstein - Discovered the proton. Found
mass to be 1837 time the electron and + charged
• Robert Millkan - Determined the electron charge
• Dmitri Mendeleev - Father of the periodic table –
predicted that his unfilled table represented
undiscovered elements
Dolton’s Atomic Theory

• 1803-1808 John Dalton :


• Each chemical element is composed of minute,
indestructible particles called atoms.
• Atoms can be neither created nor destroyed during a
chemical change. (If atoms of an element are indestructible,
then the same remains unchanged. This explains the law of
conservation of mass).
• All atoms of an element are alike in mass and other
properties, but the atoms of one element are different
from those of all other elements.
• In each of their compounds, different elements combine in
a simple numerical ratio: e.g. one atom of A to one of B
(AB) or one atom of A to two of B (AB2).
The Discovery of Electrons
1897 J.J. Thomson- cathode ray experiment
• Thomson’s experiment involved the use of cathode-ray
tube. When a sufficiently high voltage is applied across the
electrode, an electric current flows through the tube from
negatively charged electrode ( the cathode) to the positively
charged electrode (the anode).
• Later experiments had shown that cathode-ray can be
deflected by electric or magnetic field. Because the beam
is produced at a negative electrode and is deflected toward
a positive plate, Thomson proposed that electroncathode
rays are negatively charged fundamental particles found in
all atoms which, we now called s.
Discovery of Protons and Neutrons
1911 Rutherford
• proposing a model of the atom known as the
nuclear atom and having these features.
• Most of the mass and all of the positive charge of
an atom are centered in a very small region called
the nucleus. The atom is mostly empty space.

• The magnitude of the positive charge is different


for different atoms and is approximately one-half
the atomic weight of the element.
• There are as many electrons outside the nucleus as
there are units of positive charge on the nucleus.
The atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
• Rutherford’s nuclear atom suggested the existence
of positively charged fundamental particles of
matter in the nuclei of atoms- called protons. He
also predicted the existence in the nucleus of
electrically neutral particles.

1932 Jame Chadwick


• verified that there is another type of particles in
atom called neutron.
Particle Charge Mass (g) Mass (amu)

Proton +1 1.6727 x 10-24 g 1.007316

Neutron 0 1.6750 x 10-24 g 1.008701

Electron -1 9.110 x 10-28 g 0.000549

1 atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 the mass of carbon-12.


Therefore, carbon-12 has a mass of 12 amu.

A hydrogen atom has a mass of 1 atomic mass unit since its mass
is 1/12 the mass of carbon 12.
1869 Mendeleev and Meyer
• They independently proposed periodic table
organized the elements. Mendeleev left gaps for
undiscovered element in his periodic table. till
now 117 elements has been discovered.
• In modern periodic table, The periodic table of
the elements is organized into 18 groups and 7
periods. Elements are represented by one or
two-letter symbols and are arranged according to
atomic number.
Periodic Table
• helps to distinguish between metals nonmetals
and semimetals,
• 18 of gps divided intomain group IA to VIIIA, and
Trans metal gps IB to VIIIB.
• Number 7 periods
• Tells us no.of Proton, (Z) and ave mass (A) and
symbol.
• Electronic structure of an atom
• Before looking into the interaction of atoms
with each other we must know how electrons
are arranged arround neucleus.
• Electrons arranged arround neucleus in ever
increasing energy levels, known as Shells,
theses shells divided into subshells and each
subshells divided into orbitals
• This division of energy levels for electrons is
structured in a periodic manner
The electron shells are numbered from 1 to infinity which is
not possible to number.

Subshells are not numbered. But given letter arrising from


spectral lines that they generates.
s from sharp
p from principal
d from diffuse
f from fundamental
These subshells have discrete number of electron orbitals
and these orbitals can contain maxi of 2 electrons.
Electron Configuration

1s 1

row # group #
shell # # valence e-
possibilities are 1-7 possibilities are:
7 rows s: 1 or 2
subshell p: 1-6
possibilities are d: 1-10
s, p, d, or f f: 1-14
4 subshells Total e- should equal
Atomic #
What element has an electron configuration of 1s1?
Filling Rules for Electron Orbitals

Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest


energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom
have been accounted for.

Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of two


electrons. To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in
opposite directions.

Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that a maximum


number of unpaired electrons results.

*Aufbau is German for “building up”


Order of Electron Subshell Filling:
It does not go “in order”

1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14
6s2 6p6 6d10
7s2 7p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
• Elements are divided into two main categories
known as
• Metals: Except mercury (liquid), metals are solids
at room temperature. They are generally
malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and
electricity, and have a lustrous or shiny
appearance.
• Nonmetals: generally have opposite properties
of metals; e.g. poor conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Metalloid (semimetal): is an element having
both metallic and nonmetallic properties.
• Main group elements are those in groups 1, 2
and 13-18. when form ions, group 1, 2 lose the
same # e as their group #; group 13 lose group
#-10; group 14-18 gain 18-group #.
• Transition elements: from group 3 to 12, and
because all of them are metals, they are also
called the transition metals. The # of electrons
lost in TM is not related to their group #.
• Inner transition metals which include
Lanthanides and Actinindes.
Mass spectrum – graph of a mass spectrometer.

• Number of peaks = number of isotopes


• Position of peaks = relative isotopic mass
• Height of peaks = relative abundance of
the isotope,
in comparison to the
other isotopes of that
element.
Unit cell

• The smallest repeating pattern of crystalline


solids is known as the unit cell, and unit cells
are like bricks in a wall—they are all identical
and repeating.
A mole is the amount of pure substance containing the same
number of chemical units as there are atoms in exactly 12
grams of carbon-12 (i.e., 6.023 X 1023). Avogadro’s number

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