COMPUTER NETWORKS

Course Instructor:

Dr. Ashfaq Hussain Farooqi

[email protected]
Chapter 1: roadmap
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History
Introduction: 1-2
The network core
mobile network
▪mesh of interconnected national or global ISP
routers
▪packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages
into packets local or
regional ISP

• forward packets from one router home network content

to the next, across links on path provider
network datacenter
from source to destination network

• each packet transmitted at full

link capacity enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-3
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

▪ Transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to

transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R One-hop numerical example:
bps ▪ L = 10 Kbits
▪ Store and forward: entire packet must arrive at ▪ R = 100 Mbps
router before it can be transmitted on next link ▪ one-hop transmission delay
▪ End-end delay: 2L/R (above), assuming zero = 0.1 msec
propagation delay (more on delay shortly)
Introduction: 1-4
Packet-switching: queueing delay, loss
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for output link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for a period of time:
▪packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
▪packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills
up
Introduction: 1-5
 Two key network-core functions

routing algorithm Routing:

Forwarding: local
local forwarding
forwarding table
table
▪ global action:
header output link determine source-
▪local action: move value 010 3
destination paths
arriving packets 0 2

from router’s
010
1
2
1 taken by packets
0111
input link to 100
1
▪ routing algorithms
appropriate 1
router output link 3 2
1
011

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction: 1-6
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching

end-end resources allocated to,

reserved for “call” between source
and destination
▪ in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st
circuit in right link.
▪ dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
▪ circuit segment idle if not used by call (no
sharing)
▪ commonly used in traditional telephone
networks
Introduction: 1-7
Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM) 4 users

frequency
▪ optical, electromagnetic frequencies
divided into (narrow) frequency
bands
▪ each call allocated its own band, can
transmit at max rate of that narrow time
band
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

frequency
▪ time divided into slots
▪ each call allocated periodic slot(s),
can transmit at maximum rate of
(wider) frequency band, but only time
during its time slot(s)
Introduction: 1-8
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
▪ Hosts connect to Internet via access Internet Service
Providers (ISPs)
• residential, enterprise (company, university, commercial) ISPs
▪ Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected
• so that any two hosts can send packets to each other
▪ Resulting network of networks is very complex
• evolution was driven by economics and national policies
▪ Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current
Internet structure

Introduction: 1-9
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
access access
net net

access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-10
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access
net … … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP to

…

…
each other directly doesn’t scale:

…
access
O(N2) connections. access
…

net net

access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … … net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-11
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net
ISP access
net

access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-12
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….

… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access
net ISP A net
…

…
access
net
ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-13
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. who will
want to be connected
Internet exchange point
… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access
net ISP A net
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
peering link
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-14
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs

… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access
net ISP A net
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional ISP access
… … net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-15
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai) may
run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
… … access
net
access
net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access
net ISP A net
…

…
Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional ISP access
… … net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-16
 Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Tier 1 Tier 1
ISP ISP
Google

IXP IXP IXP

Regional Regional
ISP ISP
acce acce acce acce acce acce acce acce
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

At “center”: small # of well-connected large networks

▪ “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national & international coverage
▪ content provider networks (e.g., Google, Facebook): private network that connects its
data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs
Introduction: 1-17
Chapter 1: roadmap
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History
Introduction: 1-18
Protocol “layers” and reference models
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”: Question:
▪hosts is there any hope of
▪routers organizing structure of
▪links of various media network?
▪applications
▪protocols
▪hardware, software …. or at least our
discussion of networks?

Introduction: 1-19
Example: organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)
gates (load) gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway landing
airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing

airline travel: a series of steps, involving many services

Introduction: 1-20
Example: organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticketing service ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage service baggage (claim)
gates (load) gate service gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway service runway landing
airplane routing routing service
airplane routing airplane routing

layers: each layer implements a service Q: describe in words

▪via its own internal-layer actions the service provided
in each layer above
▪relying on services provided by layer below
Introduction: 1-21
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
▪ explicit structure allows identification, relationship of
complex system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
▪ modularization eases maintenance, updating of system
• change in layer's service implementation: transparent to rest of
system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of system

Introduction: 1-22
Internet protocol stack
▪application: supporting network applications
• IMAP, SMTP, HTTP
application
▪transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP
transport
▪network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination network
• IP, routing protocols
▪link: data transfer between neighboring link
network elements
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
physical
▪physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction: 1-23
 source
message
H
M application Encapsulation
segment M transport
H H
t
datagram M network
H H
n H
t
frame M link
l n t
physical
link
physical

switch

H H
destinatio M network
H H
n H
t H H
M napplication M link M
H l n t n t
M transport physical
H H
t

H H H
M network
n t
M link router
l n t
physical
Introduction: 1-24
Chapter 1: roadmap
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History
Introduction: 1-25
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
▪ 1961: Kleinrock - queueing ▪ 1972:
theory shows effectiveness of • ARPAnet public demo
packet-switching • NCP (Network Control Protocol)
▪ 1964: Baran - packet-switching first host-host protocol
in military nets • first e-mail program
▪ 1967: ARPAnet conceived by • ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Advanced Research Projects
Agency
▪ 1969: first ARPAnet node
operational
Introduction: 1-26
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
▪1970: ALOHAnet satellite network
Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking
in Hawaii principles:
▪1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture ▪ minimalism, autonomy - no
for interconnecting networks internal changes required to
▪1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC interconnect networks
▪ best-effort service model
▪late70’s: proprietary architectures:
▪ stateless routing
DECnet, SNA, XNA
▪ decentralized control
▪late 70’s: switching fixed length
define today’s Internet architecture
packets (ATM precursor)
▪1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Introduction: 1-27
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
▪ 1983: deployment of TCP/IP ▪ new national networks: CSnet,
▪ 1982: smtp e-mail protocol BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel
defined ▪ 100,000 hosts connected to
▪ 1983: DNS defined for name- confederation of networks
to-IP-address translation
▪ 1985: ftp protocol defined
▪ 1988: TCP congestion control

Introduction: 1-28
Internet history
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new applications
▪ early 1990s: ARPAnet late 1990s – 2000s:
decommissioned ▪more killer apps: instant
▪ 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet ▪network security to forefront
(decommissioned, 1995)
▪est. 50 million host, 100 million+
▪ early 1990s: Web users
• hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
▪backbone links running at Gbps
• 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
• late 1990s: commercialization of the
Web
Introduction: 1-29
Internet history
2005-present: more new applications, Internet is “everywhere”
▪ ~18B devices attached to Internet (2017)
• rise of smartphones (iPhone: 2007)
▪ aggressive deployment of broadband access
▪ increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access: 4G/5G, WiFi
▪ emergence of online social networks:
• Facebook: ~ 2.5 billion users
▪ service providers (Google, FB, Microsoft) create their own networks
• bypass commercial Internet to connect “close” to end user, providing
“instantaneous” access to search, video content, …
▪ enterprises run their services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon Web Services,
Microsoft Azure)
Introduction: 1-30
Chapter 1: summary
We’ve covered a “ton” of material!
▪ Internet overview
▪ what’s a protocol? You now have:
▪ network edge, access network, core ▪ context, overview,
• packet-switching versus circuit-
switching vocabulary, “feel”
• Internet structure of networking
▪ performance: loss, delay, throughput ▪ more depth,
▪ layering, service models detail, and fun to
▪ security follow!
▪ history
Introduction: 1-31