Introduction to AI

• What is AI?
AI refers to the simulation of human
intelligence processes by machines, especially
computer systems.
Includes learning, reasoning, problem-
solving, perception, and language
understanding.
• AI vs. Human Intelligence
AI systems can outperform humans in
specific tasks but lack emotional intelligence
and general reasoning abilities.
Motivation and Role
of Artificial
Intelligence
• Motivation for AI
1. Efficiency: Automating repetitive and
complex tasks.
2. Scalability: Handling large amounts of
data at high speeds.
3. Availability: 24/7 operations without
fatigue.
• Role of AI in Modern Technology
AI powers applications such as voice
assistants (Siri, Alexa), autonomous vehicles,
healthcare diagnostics, and more
AI, ML, DL, and
Robotics

Relationship Between AI, ML, DL, and Robotics

• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Broad concept of
machines performing tasks that require human
intelligence.
• Machine Learning (ML): Subset of AI; systems
learn from data to improve performance.
• Deep Learning (DL): A subset of ML that uses
neural networks with many layers to analyze large
datasets.
• Robotics: Field of AI that involves designing
intelligent agents (robots) that can perform tasks
autonomously or semi-autonomously.
From Turing Test to
Humanoids

• Turing Test (1950)

Proposed by Alan Turing as a measure of a
machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a
human.
• Humanoids
Robots or machines designed to resemble or
imitate human beings in both appearance and
behavior.
• Evolution of AI
From simple rule-based systems to advanced
neural networks and humanoid robots.
Various Approaches
to AI

1. Symbolic AI (Good Old-Fashioned AI - GOFAI)

• Based on symbolic representation of knowledge (logic,
rules).
2. Connectionist AI (Neural Networks)
• Focuses on networks of simple units (neurons) that learn
to recognize patterns.
3. Evolutionary Algorithms
• Algorithms inspired by natural selection that evolve
solutions to problems.
4. Bayesian AI
• Uses probability theory to handle uncertainty in decision-
making.
Core Concepts of AI

1. Machine Learning
• Learning from data to make predictions or decisions without explicit programming.
2. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• Enables machines to understand and generate human language.
3. Computer Vision
• Machines recognizing and interpreting visual information from the world.
4. Expert Systems
• AI systems that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
Key Terminologies in AI

1. Agent
• An entity that perceives its environment and takes
actions to achieve a goal.
2. Environment
• Everything the agent interacts with.
3. Learning Algorithm
• A method that enables the agent to improve
performance based on experience.
4. Data
• Core fuel for AI, especially for ML and DL models.
Application Areas of AI
Healthcare: Disease diagnosis, robotic surgery, drug discovery.
AI in
Different Finance: Fraud detection, algorithmic trading, credit
Domains scoring.
Transportation: Autonomous vehicles, traffic
prediction.
Retail: Recommendation systems, inventory
management.
Manufacturing: Predictive maintenance, smart factories.

Entertainment: Content recommendations, AI in gaming.

Types of Artificial
Intelligence

1. Weak Artificial Intelligence

• This type of AI is designed for specific tasks such as personal assistants,
customer service, video games, and questionnaires.
• Weak AI operates with a limited algorithm and data source.
• Examples include Amazon Alexa, Railway’s Disha, and Apple’s Siri.
2. Strong Artificial Intelligence
• Strong AI is capable of performing tasks that typically require human
intelligence, such as driving vehicles.
• These systems are more complex and are designed to handle
unpredictable situations.
• Strong AI systems, such as robots, are often considered intelligent
and are sometimes afforded the same rights as humans.
Turing Test (1950)

• The Turing Test is one of the most well-known

and debated concepts in artificial intelligence
(AI).
• It was proposed by the British mathematician
and computer scientist Alan Turing in 1950 in
his seminal paper, “Computing Machinery and
Intelligence.”
• He proposed that the “Turing test is used to
determine whether or not a
computer(machine) can think intelligently
like humans”?
What is the Turing
Test?
• The Turing Test is a widely recognized
benchmark for evaluating a machine’s ability to
demonstrate human-like intelligence.
• The core idea is simple: A human judge
engages in a text-based conversation with both
a human and a machine.
• The judge’s task is to determine which
participant is human and which is the machine.
• If the judge is unable to distinguish between the
human and the machine based solely on the
conversation, the machine is said to have
passed the Turing Test.
Turing test participants
• A human judge (also called the
interrogator) asks questions for a machine and
a human to answer. The judge evaluates the
responses from the machine and human to
identify the responder.
• A machine interlocutor, such as a
generative AI system, answers the judge’s
questions in natural language that simulates
human conversation and behavior.
• A human interlocutor who answers the
judge’s questions alongside the machine and
provides a baseline for comparison against the
machine.
Turing test questions

• Open-ended questions like, “What’s a skill or talent you’d like to

develop and why?”
• Opinion questions like, “What is your perspective on technology
and its impact on mental health?”
• Emotional questions like, “What’s something from the past that
you long for?”
• Personal questions like, “What was it like to fall in love for the
first time?”
• Hypothetical scenarios like, “Imagine that you are a museum
curator in the future. What artifacts of today would you display in
the museum and why?”
• Self-assessment questions like, “How do you think you performed
on this test? How human-like are your answers to my questions?”
How the Turing Test Works?
The interrogator, a human judge, is isolated from the other
two participants.
The judge asks questions to both the human and the
machine, aiming to identify which one is the human.
The machine’s goal is to respond in a way that makes it
indistinguishable from the human participant.
If the judge cannot reliably identify the machine, the
machine is considered to have passed the Turing Test.
Example of a conversation between the interrogator
and the machine:

• Judge: Are you a computer?

• Machine: No.
• Judge: Multiply 158745887 by 56755647.
• Machine: (After a long pause) [Provides an incorrect answer].
• Judge: Add 5,478,012 and 4,563,145.
• Machine: (Pauses for 20 seconds and then responds)
10,041,157.

1. If the judge cannot distinguish between the responses of

the human and the machine, the machine passes the test.
2. The conversation is limited to a text-only format, such as a
computer keyboard and screen, to prevent the judge from
being influenced by any non-verbal cues.
Advantages of the Turing
Test in Artificial
Intelligence
1. Evaluating Machine Intelligence: The Turing Test
provides a simple and well-known method for assessing
machine intelligence.
2. Setting a Benchmark: It establishes a benchmark for
AI research and offers a goal for researchers to strive
towards.
3. Inspiring Research: The Turing Test has inspired
numerous studies and experiments aimed at developing
machines that can pass the test, driving progress in AI.
4. Simple to Administer: The Turing Test is relatively
easy to administer, requiring just a computer and a
human judge.
 1. Limited Scope: The Turing Test focuses primarily on
Disadvantages language-based conversations and does not account
for other aspects of intelligence, such as perception,
of the Turing problem-solving, and decision-making.
2. Human Bias: The results can be influenced by the
Test in biases and preferences of the human judge, making it
difficult to obtain objective and reliable results.
Artificial 3. Not Representative of Real-World AI: The Turing
Intelligence Test may not accurately represent the kind of
intelligence that machines need to demonstrate in
real-world applications.
Conclusion and
Future of AI
• AI is transforming industries by automating tasks,
making predictions, and enabling new technologies.
• Ethical considerations: Job displacement, privacy
concerns, decision transparency.
• Future trends: General AI, Quantum computing, AI
in space exploration.