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Active FIlter

Chapter 3 discusses operational amplifier applications in active filters, which are circuits designed to pass certain frequencies while attenuating others. It covers various types of filters, including low pass, high pass, band pass, and band stop filters, along with their characteristics and design criteria. Additionally, it includes exercises for designing specific filter circuits and compares different filter types such as Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel filters based on their performance in terms of passband and roll-off rates.

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Norain Sahari
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18 views14 pages

Active FIlter

Chapter 3 discusses operational amplifier applications in active filters, which are circuits designed to pass certain frequencies while attenuating others. It covers various types of filters, including low pass, high pass, band pass, and band stop filters, along with their characteristics and design criteria. Additionally, it includes exercises for designing specific filter circuits and compares different filter types such as Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel filters based on their performance in terms of passband and roll-off rates.

Uploaded by

Norain Sahari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3:

Op-Amp Application
( Active Filter)
What is filter?

A filter is a circuit capable of passing (or amplifying) certain frequencies


while attenuating other frequencies. Filters are used to clean up signals,
remove unwanted noise, or select specific frequencies.
Types of filter

Passive Filter Active Filter

Low pass filter


High pass filter
Band pass filter
Band stop filter
A LPF has a constant gain (usually
Active Low Pass Filter unity) from 0Hz (DC) to a high cut-off
frequency, fH.
 At fH (also called as cut-off or critical
frequency), the gain is down by 3 dB
(in other words the gain drops to
0.707 times its maximum value).
 The frequencies between 0 Hz and fH Hz
are known as the pass band
frequencies, whereas the range of
frequencies beyond fH are called stop
band frequencies.

R1 1  Rolloff rate of 20dB/decade can be


Acl ( NI ) 
R2
1 fc  achieved with single RC circuit comprises
2RC of one resistor and one capacitor.
 Higher roll off rate will need an additional

RC circuit where each RC circuit is known


as ORDER or POLE.
Active High Pass
HPF will stop all
Filter signals with
frequency below
the cut-off
frequency, fc @ fL.
f is a frequency
c
where the output
voltage, VO is 70.7%
from the pass band
voltage.

R1 1
Acl ( NI ) 
R2
1 fc 
2RC
Band Pass Filter

The band pass filter passes only a


specified band of frequencies and
rejects all others.
The pass band is defined as the
frequencies between two cut-off
frequencies fL and fH.
The rest of the frequency range is the
stop band.
Bandwidth of the filter is (fH – fL).
Band Stop Filter

• The band-stop filter performs the


opposite function of band-pass filters.
• It is also called a band-reject or band-
elimination filter.
• Frequencies within a certain BW are
rejected.
• Useful for filtering interfering signals.
• In band-pass and band-stop filters, fC is
called the centre frequency since it is
Filter Circuit Frequency response Filter characteristics

Low Pass Filter


(LPF)

High Pass Filter


(HPF)

Band Pass Filter

Band Stop Filter


Exercise 1
Design a non-inverting active low pass filter circuit that has a gain of ten at low frequencies, given that
the resistor of the filter is 10 k , the feedback resistor is 9 k and a high frequency cut-off or corner
frequency of 159 Hz

10 k

9 k

R1 = 1 k
C1 = 100 nF
Exercise 2
A first order active high pass filter has a pass band gain of two and a cut-off corner frequency of 1 kHz.
If the input capacitor has a value of 10 nF, calculate the value of the resistor of the filter and the
resistors of the amplifier.

R3 = 16 k
R1 = R 2
Exercise 3
The following figure is a bandpass filter circuit. Determine the value of fL, fH, BW, f0 and Q. Draw the frequency
waveform response.
Filter Design Criterion Butterworth Filter
• Filters with a flat pass band gain are commonly used
• Provides a very flat amplitude response in the pass
band and a roll-off rate of -20dB / decade / pole.
Although it is difficult to design • normally used when all frequencies in the pass band
a filter with frequency response must have the same gain.
similar to ideal filter, a practical
filter with response close to an
ideal response can be achieved
Chebyshev Filter
using some design technique • Provide a ripple (or overshoots) in pass-band gain.
with precise component values • Faster roll-off rate of slightly greater than -20dB /
and a high speed op-amp. decade / pole.

Bessel Filter
• Maximize the pass band delay just as Butterworth
filters maximize the magnitude.
• The filter response has a roll-off rate of slightly less
than -20dB / decade / pole compare to Butterworth
type.
• The cut-off frequencies fH and fL are determined by the component values of the
capacitors and resistors in the filter circuit.
• Roll-off rate of a filter is the rate at which the gain of the filter changes in the stop-
band.
• Higher the roll-off rate, better the frequency selection! The roll-off rate is
determined by the order of the filter.
• For instance, a first order filter gives 20 dB/decade roll off, whereas a second order
filter gives 40 dB/decade roll off.
• Frequency response types of a filter are determined by the damping coefficient , .
(  = 0  2).

Comparison of Filter Approximation


Type Passband Stopband Roll off rate Step response
Butterworth Flat Monotonic Good Good
Chebyshev Rippled Monotonic Very Good Poor
Bessel Flat Monotonic Poor Best
Type Passband Stopband Roll off rate Step response
Butterworth Flat Monotonic Good Good
Chebyshev Rippled Monotonic Very Good Poor
Bessel Flat Monotonic Poor Best

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