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JOSI KELLY A
SHERENI
LEON
D I G I TA L C O M M U N I C AT I O N A S S I G N M E N T

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 2.DELTA MODULATOR
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Block diagram

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Comments

• A delta modulator is a type of pulse code modulation (PCM) format

that is used to encode an analog signal into a digital bitstream.
• The delta modulator circuit compares the current sample of the input
signal to the previous sample and generates a 1 or a 0 depending
on whether the current sample is greater than or less than the
previous sample.
• This simple encoding method makes the delta modulator a popular
choice for low-bitrate audio applications, such as telephony and
voice recording.

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OUTPUT

The outputs of a simulated modulator circuit in Simulink can include:

• Signal errors: The errors between the input and output signals can be analyzed
to determine various performance metrics, such as bit error rate (BER) and error
vector magnitude (EVM). These metrics can help designers optimize the
performance of their modulator circuit designs.
• Signal waveforms: The waveforms of the input and output signals can be
visualized in both time and frequency domains. The output waveform can be
analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the modulation technique used.
• Signal statistics: The statistical properties of the input and output signals
can be analyzed to determine various parameters, such as mean, variance,
and power spectral density.
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1. SAMPLE title style
HOLD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROCEDURE

1. Create a New Model

• Open Simulink and create a new model by clicking on the “Blank
Model” option in the “Start from Template” section.
2. Add Components
• Add the necessary components to the model by dragging and
dropping them from the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Configure Components
• Configure the Sample and Hold block to have a specific sampling
rate, hold time, and trigger type.
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PROCEDURE

4. Connect Components
• Connect the components by dragging connectors from one block to
another. The input signal from the Signal Generator should be
connected to the input of the Sample and Hold block, and the output
of the Sample and Hold block should be connected to the input of
the Scope block.
5. Run Simulation
• Run the simulation by clicking on the “Run” button in the toolbar.
The simulation will generate a plot of the output waveform over time,
which can be observed in the Scope block.
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SAMPLED MasterWAVEFORM
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CONCLUSION

• Hold Functionality: After each sampling instant, the Sample and

Hold circuit holds the sampled value constant until the next sampling
period.
• Analyzing the sampled output for Sample and Hold circuit simulation
using Simulink offers valuable insights into circuit performance,
signal reconstruction accuracy, noise sensitivity, and transient
response characteristics.
• Sampling Instant: The sampled output waveform will show distinct
sampling instants where the input signal is captured by the Sample
and Hold circuit.
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3.PULSE Master
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MODULATION

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Comments

• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique used to control

analog devices using a digital signal. It involves modulating the
width of pulses in a digital signal to simulate an analog output. PWM
is commonly used in various applications such as controlling the
brightness of LEDs, adjusting the speed of motors, and controlling
servo motors’ angles

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Procedure

1. Setting Up the PWM Circuit Model:

• Begin by opening Simulink and creating a new model.
2. Simulating the PWM Circuit:
• Connect the blocks in the model to form the PWM circuit.
3. Performance Analysis:
• Use Simulink’s built-in tools for analyzing the performance of the PWM
circuit, such as scope blocks for visualizing waveforms.
4. Verifying Results:
• Compare the simulated results with theoretical calculations or experimental
measurements to validate the accuracy of the PWM circuit simulation.
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Conclusion

When simulating a pulse width modulator (PWM) using Simulink, the output
typically consists of a waveform that represents the modulated signal. This
waveform will have varying pulse widths based on the input signals and
parameters set in the simulation. The key aspects to note in the output of a PWM
simulation using Simulink include:
1. Pulse Width Variation: The main feature of the output waveform is the variation
in pulse widths.
2. Duty Cycle Accuracy
3. Transient Response
4. Noise and Distortion
5. Frequency of the PWM Signal: Another important aspect to observe in the
simulation output is the frequency of the PWM signal.
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4.PULSE POSITION
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Block Diagram

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Procedure

• Open Simulink and create a new model.

• Add a “Sine Wave” block from the “Sources” library to generate the input signal.
• Add a “Pulse Generator” block from the “Sources” library to generate the pulse signal.
• Add a “Product” block from the “Math Operations” library to multiply the input signal
and the pulse signal.
• Add a “Signal Builder” block from the “Sources” library to generate the reference
signal.
• Add a “Comparator” block from the “Signal Processing” library to compare the
reference signal with the output signal from the Product block.
• Add a “Scope” block from the “Simulation” library to display the output signal.
• Connect the blocks as shown in the following figure:

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Procedure

• Simulating PPM Circuit in Simulink

• Once you have created the PPM circuit model in Simulink, you can simulate it to
analyze its behavior. The following steps outline the process of simulating a PPM
circuit:
• Set the simulation time and other parameters in the “Simulation” menu.
• Start the simulation by clicking on the “Run” button.
• Observe the output signal in the “Scope” block.
• Analyze the performance of the PPM circuit by examining the waveform and other
parameters such as rise time, fall time, and overshoot.
• Tune the parameters of the PPM circuit, such as pulse width and amplitude, to
optimize its performance.
• Repeat steps 2-5 until you achieve the desired performance.
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CONCLUSION

• PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) is a type of digital modulation

scheme that represents data by varying the position of the signal
pulse in relation to a reference time.
• Simulink, developed by MathWorks, is a graphical programming
environment for modeling, simulating, and analyzing multidomain
dynamical systems. When simulating PPM using Simulink, there are
several key aspects to consider in analyzing the output.

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• In a PPM simulation using Simulink, various parameters need to be

defined such as the pulse width, modulation index, carrier frequency, and
the data signal to be modulated.
• The input data signal is processed and modulated according to the PPM
scheme within the simulation model. The timing of pulses is adjusted
based on the input data to encode information into the signal.
• Output Analysis
Analyzing the output of a PPM simulation in Simulink involves examining
key performance metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate
(BER), and spectral characteristics. These metrics help evaluate the quality
and efficiency of the PPM modulation scheme under different conditions.
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6.DIGITAL TOMaster title style
ANALOGUE CONVERTER

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Simulation Steps for DAC Circuit using Simulink:

• Model Creation: Begin by creating a new Simulink model for the DAC
circuit simulation.
• Add DAC Block: Drag and drop the DAC block from the Simulink library
into the model.
• Connect Signals: Connect the digital input signal to the DAC block input
and ensure proper signal routing.
• Set Parameters: Configure the parameters of the DAC block, such as
resolution, voltage range, and sampling rate, based on the requirements
of the simulation.
• Run Simulation: Run the simulation to observe how the digital input
signal is converted into an analog output signal by the DAC circuit.
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• Analysis and Validation: After running the simulation, analyze

the analog output signal to ensure that it accurately represents
the conversion of digital data into an analog format. Validate the
results against expected values or specifications to verify the
correctness of the DAC circuit simulation in Simulink.
• In conclusion, simulating a DAC circuit using Simulink involves
modeling the conversion process from digital to analog signals
using appropriate blocks and parameters within a Simulink
model. By following specific steps and analyzing the results,
engineers can validate and optimize their DAC circuits for
various applications.
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5.ANALOGUE title style
TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

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COMMENTS

• Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is a crucial component in modern

electronics, as it converts continuous analog signals into discrete
digital values. Simulink, a simulation tool provided by MATLAB, is
commonly used for simulating and analyzing complex systems,
including ADC circuits.

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• Understanding the ADC Circuit: The analog input signal is sampled at regular
intervals and converted into binary numbers based on its amplitude.
• Building the ADC Model in Simulink:
• Setting Parameters and Sampling Rate: When setting up the simulation in
Simulink, it is crucial to define parameters such as the resolution of the ADC
(number of bits), sampling rate, input signal frequency, and voltage range.
• Analyzing Simulation Results: After running the simulation in Simulink, you
can analyze the results to understand how the ADC circuit behaves under
different conditions.
• Optimizing the ADC Circuit: Simulink allows you to iterate on the design of the
ADC circuit by making adjustments to various parameters and components.
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CONCLUSION

• In conclusion, simulating an Analog to Digital Converter circuit using

Simulink provides valuable insights into its behavior and
performance characteristics. By analyzing parameters such as
quantization error, SNR, sampling rate, resolution, and dynamic
range, engineers can optimize ADC designs for various applications
with enhanced accuracy and efficiency.

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of the output

1. Quantization Error:
2. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR):
3. Sampling Rate and Aliasing:
4. Resolution and Bit Depth:
5. Dynamic Range:

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7.ANALOGUE FILTERtitle style

• It takes in 75Hz to 7.5kHz to produce 300 to 3.4kHz

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To simulate the behaviour of the analogue filter circuit, typically follow these steps:

• Model Creation: The first step involves creating a model of the analogue filter circuit
in Simulink. This includes defining the components of the circuit such as resistors,
capacitors, and operational amplifiers.
• Parameter Setting: Next, the parameters of the components in the circuit need to be
set according to the desired frequency response specifications.
• Simulation Setup: Once the model is constructed and parameters are set, the
simulation setup needs to be defined. This involves specifying the input signal
characteristics (frequency range, amplitude, etc.) and setting up simulation time
parameters.
• Running Simulation: With everything set up, the simulation can be run in Simulink.
Analysis and Validation: After running the simulation, it is crucial to analyze the results
to ensure that the output meets the expected specifications.
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CONCLUSION

• An analogue filter circuit is designed to modify or manipulate the

frequency content of an electrical signal.
• In this case, the filter circuit is specified to accept input frequencies
ranging from 75Hz to 7.5kHz and produce an output within the
range of 300Hz to 3.4kHz.
• The purpose of such a filter could be to eliminate unwanted
frequencies, enhance specific frequency components, or shape the
overall frequency response of the signal.

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MULTIPLEXER

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COMMENTS

• A four-channel multiplexer circuit is a fundamental component in

digital electronics that allows multiple input signals to be selected
and routed to a single output.
• Simulink, a simulation and model-based design environment
provided by MathWorks, is commonly used for simulating and
analyzing complex systems, including digital circuits like
multiplexers.

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To simulate the four-channel DEMUX circuit using Simulink, you can follow these steps:

• Open the Simulink library and create a new model.

• Add a “Demux” block from the “Signal Operations” library to the
model.
• Set the number of input channels to 1 and the number of output
channels to 4.
• Connect the input signal to the “In1” port of the DEMUX block.
• Connect four “Scope” blocks to the “Out1” to “Out4” ports of the
DEMUX block to display the output signals.
• Set up the simulation parameters and run the simulation.
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• To simulate a four-channel multiplexer circuit using Simulink, you first

need to design the circuit layout.
• This involves creating blocks representing the multiplexer inputs, control
signals, and output.
• Each input signal is connected to a specific channel of the multiplexer,
and the control signals determine which input is selected.
• In Simulink, you can implement the logic of the multiplexer using various
blocks such as logical gates, switches, and signal routing components.
The control signals are used to enable or disable the connections
between the inputs and the output based on the desired channel
selection.
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CONCLUSION

• A digital demultiplexer is a combinational circuit that takes a single

input signal and routes it to one of several output lines based on the
control signals. In the case of a four-channel digital demultiplexer,
there are four output lines where the input signal can be directed.
When this demultiplexer is used in conjunction with a sample and
hold circuit, which is commonly employed in analog-to-digital
conversion processes, the output behavior becomes crucial for
accurate signal processing.

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DIGITAL DEMULTIPLEXER

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CORRESPONDING TO THE 1st INPUT

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CORRESPONDING TO THE 2ND INPUT

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3RD SCOPE

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CORRESPONDING TO THE 3RD INPUT

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4TH SCOPE

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CORRESPONDING TO THE 4TH INPUT

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CONCLUSION

• The output must be the equal to the corresponding input signal

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10.LINE Master
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CHOICE

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COMMENTS

• A line encoder circuit is a crucial component in digital

communication systems that converts parallel data inputs into serial
data outputs. In Simulink, a line encoder circuit can be simulated to
understand its functionality and performance.

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• A line encoder circuit is a crucial component in digital

communication systems that converts parallel data inputs into serial
data outputs. In Simulink, a line encoder circuit can be simulated to
understand its functionality and performance.

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Here are a few key points to consider when simulating a line encoder circuit using Simulink:

• Designing the Line Encoder Circuit:

• Implementing the Circuit in Simulink:
• Setting Input Parameters:
• Simulating the Circuit:
• Analyzing Performance:
• Testing Different Scenarios:
• Optimizing for Real-Time Implementation.

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CONCLUSION

Analysis of Output:
• After running the simulation, it is crucial to analyze the output of the line
encoder circuit. This involves examining the encoded signal produced by the
encoder and verifying that it meets the expected requirements in terms of
timing, voltage levels, and other relevant parameters.
• In Simulink, simulating the output of a line encoder circuit involves modeling
the behavior of the encoder within the simulation environment. A line encoder
is a digital circuit that converts an input signal into a coded output signal,
typically used in communication systems to transmit data efficiently and
reliably. When simulating the output of a line encoder circuit in Simulink,
several key considerations need to be taken into account to ensure an
accurate representation of the system’s behavior.
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11.PULSE Master title style
REGERATOR

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COMMENTS

• A pulse generator circuit is a fundamental component in electronics used

to generate square wave pulses of a specific frequency and duty cycle.
• Simulink, a simulation tool provided by MathWorks, is commonly used for
modeling and simulating dynamic systems, including electronic circuits.
• Simulink offers a user-friendly graphical interface that allows engineers
and researchers to design, simulate, and analyze complex systems
efficiently.
• Simulating a pulse generator circuit using Simulink offers a powerful tool
for understanding its behavior under different conditions and optimizing its
design for specific applications.

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CONCLUSION

• A pulse generator circuit is a fundamental component in electronics

used to generate square wave or pulse signals of specific
frequencies and duty cycles.
• When simulating a pulse generator circuit using Simulink, it is
essential to understand the characteristics of the output waveform to
ensure accurate representation and analysis.

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Characteristics

The output of a pulse generator circuit typically exhibits several

key characteristics that are important for simulation using
Simulink:
• Pulse Width: This refers to the duration of time for which the pulse
signal remains high before transitioning to the low state.
• Pulse Period: The time taken for one complete cycle of the pulse
signal, including both the high and low states.
• Duty Cycle: The ratio of the pulse width to the pulse period, often
expressed as a percentage.

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During simulation, it is crucial to analyze the output waveform of the

pulse generator circuit to verify its correctness and performance. Key
aspects to consider during output analysis include:
• Waveform Shape: Examine the shape of the generated pulse
waveform to ensure it meets the desired specifications.
• Frequency and Period: Calculate the frequency and period of the
output waveform to validate its operational characteristics.
• Duty Cycle Verification: Confirm that the duty cycle of the
generated pulses aligns with the specified requirements.

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