YMCA COMPREHENSIVE INSTITUTE

Object Oriented Programming

TOPIC 1
Introduction to OOP

© YCI – 2025.
BIT 1203 04/14/2025
 Outline
2

 Review of programming paradigms

 Objects and classes
 Methods and Functions
 Principles/features of OOP
 Class library

© YCI – 2025. 04/14/2025

Paradigms of Programming

 A programming paradigm is a :
 Style of programming.
 Way of representing concepts and abstraction
which are used to represent the elements of a
program and steps that compose a computation
 Common programming paradigms
 Non-Structured (Procedural) Programming
 Structured Programming
 Object Oriented Programming
 Some of the programming languages are
designed to support one paradigm and some of
them support multiple paradigms.
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Non-Structured Programming

 Code is written in a single

continuous program
 Lines may be numbered or
labelled
 Allows control flow to jump

to any line
 Leads to “spaghetti” code

 Program works on data

directly
 An Example
 Basic programming

language
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Limitation

 Difficult to maintain code as size of

program increases
 Code cannot be reused
 Difficult to test code

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Structured Programming

 Program is divided into smaller subtasks or

modules
 Helps in modularity - Functions
 Complexity made manageable
 Maintenance made easier
 Control flow between modules can be defined
in a structured manner
 Each module has inputs and a defined output
 Good model for small-medium sized projects
 Examples
 C, Fortran and Pascal
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Limitations

 Emphasis is more on functionality, less on

data
 Data and functionality are treated
separately
 Data Structures(variables) and algorithms
(functions)
 Does not represent real world objects
 Data may not be secure
 Functions are less reusable.
 It is very difficult to copy a function from one
program and reuse in another program
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Object Oriented Programming

 This is a programming paradigm that deals with

modeling of real world objects into a computer
program.
 Real world objects have;
 Properties
 Exhibit behavior and interacts with other objects
 And State
 There are date objects, time objects, audio objects,
video objects, automobile objects, people objects, etc.
 Almost any noun can be reasonably represented as a
software object in terms of
 Attributes(e.g., name, color and size) – variables and
 Behaviors(e.g., calculating, moving and communicating) –
Methods.
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Why OOP?

 OOP - Is a methodology or paradigm to design a

program using classes and objects.
 Modularity — Separating entities into separate
logical units makes them easier to code,
understand, analyze, test, and maintain.
 Data hiding (encapsulation) — The implementation
of an object’s private data and actions can change
without affecting other objects that depend on it.
 Code reuse through:
 Inheritance — Objects can inherit state and behavior
of other objects
 Composition — Objects can contain other objects
 Easier design due to natural modeling
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Important terms in OOP

 Objects
 Any real world entity that has an identity,
state and behavior is known as an object.
 For example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike
etc. It can be physical and logical.

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Characteristics of objects:

 Objects are characterised by

 State (what the objects have)

 Behaviour (what the objects do)

 Identity (what makes them unique)

 For Example; consider a car as an object

 Its state include

 Speed, Gear, Direction, Fuel level, Engine

temperature
 Its behaviors include:

 Change Gear, Go faster/slower, Go in reverse,

Stop, Shut-off
 Its identity is:

 VIN, License Plate

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Life Time of an Object

 An object Survives as long as the

instance variable referencing it will
survive.
 If instance variable is set to null, the
object is destroyed.
 The process of disposing off dead objects
is called Garbage Collection.

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Methods and Classes

 Performing a task in a program requires a method.

 The method houses the program statements that
actually perform its tasks.
 The method hides these statements from its user,
 Just as the accelerator pedal of a car hides from the
driver the mechanisms of making the car go faster.
 In OOP, we create a program unit called a class
 To house the set of methods that perform the class’s
tasks.
 A class is similar in concept to a car’s engineering
drawings, which house the design of an accelerator
pedal, steering wheel, and so on.

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OOP ..

 Writing object-oriented programs

involves creating
 Classes,
 Objects from those classes (instantiation),
 Applications,
 Stand-alone executable programs that use
those objects.

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OOP ..

 Instantiation
 Building objects from classes
 The process of doing this is called instantiation.
 An object is then referred to as an instance of
its class.
 Reuse
 A class can be used many times to build
many objects.
 Reuse of existing classes when building

new classes and programs saves time and

effort
 Reuse also helps you build more reliable
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and effective systems

Attributes and Instance
Variables
 An object has attributes that it carries along as
it’s used in a program.
 These attributes are specified as part of the
object’s class.
 For example,
 A bank account object has a balance attribute that
represents the amount of money in the account.
 Each bank account object knows the balance in
the account it represents, but not the balances of
the other accounts in the bank.
 Attributes are specified by the class’s instance
variables.

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Key object oriented Concepts

 Object Oriented programming is a

programming style that is associated
with the concept of Class, Objects and
various other concepts revolving around
these two
 The four major principles of OOP are:-
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction

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Encapsulation

 It is a mechanism of hiding the internal details

and allowing a simple interface which ensures
that the object can be used without having to
know how it works.
 Encapsulation is a mechanism of wrapping the
data (variables) and code acting on the data
(methods) together as a single unit.
 In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be
hidden from other classes, and can be
accessed only through the methods of their
current class.
 Therefore, it is also known as data hiding.
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Inheritance

 Inheritance can be defined as the

process where one class acquires the
features (attributes & methods) of
another.
 With the use of inheritance the
information is made manageable in a
hierarchical order.
 The class which inherits the properties of
other is known as subclass (derived
class, child class) and the class whose
properties are inherited is known as
superclass (base class, parent class).
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Polymorphism

 In Greek, Poly means many and morph

means shapes or forms.
 So. Polymorphism refers to any entity which
takes many forms.
 Polymorphism refers to any entity
whether it is an operator or a
constructor or any method which
takes many forms or can be used for
multiple tasks either while compiling
or running a program.

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Abstraction

 As per dictionary, abstraction is the quality of dealing with

ideas rather than events.
 For example,
 The accelerator pedal hides from the driver the complex

mechanisms that actually make the car go faster.

 The brake pedal hides the mechanisms that slow the car,

and
 the steering wheel “hides” the mechanisms that turn the

car.
 Likewise in Object-oriented programming,
 Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation

details from the user, only the functionality will be provided

to the user.
 In other words, the user will have the information on what the
object does instead of how it does it.

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Python Class Library Overview

 Popular Built-in Classes and Libraries:

 - list, dict, set, tuple (data structures)
 - datetime (date and time management)
 - os (operating system interactions)
 - math (mathematical operations)
 Example:
 import datetime
 today = datetime.date.today()
 print(f"Today's date: {today}")
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 Thank you

© YCI – 2025. 04/14/2025