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Automatic Control 1

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4 views9 pages

Automatic Control 1

Uploaded by

hataysporstore
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AUTOMATIC CONTROL

University of kyrenia
Faculty of maritime studies
Department of marine engineering
Principles of control systems
Automatic Control System
An automated control system is a pre-programmed closed-loop control system
that doesn't need any operator intervention. This is supposing the process stays
within the control system's acceptable range. A controlled variable and a
manipulated variable are the two process variables connected to an automated
control system.

The scaling factor that is maintained at a given value or within a given range is
referred to as a controlled variable. The controlled variable in the above example
is the level of the storage tank.

The process variable that is affected by the control system in order to keep the
controlled variable at the desired value or within the desired range is referred to
as a manipulated variable. The altered variable in the prior example is the flow
rate of the water provided to the tank.
Principles of control systems
(cont.)
Functions of Automatic Control

In every automated control system, the four main functions that occur are:

 Measurement
 Comparison
 Computation
 Correction

In the water tank level control system in the example above, the level
transmitter measures the level within the tank. The level transmitter sends
a signal representing the tank level to the level control device, where it is
compared to a desired tank level. The level control device then compares
how far to open the supply valve to correct any difference between actual
and desired tank levels.
Principles of control systems
(cont.)
Elements of Automatic Control
To carry out an automated control system's functions, the following three functional components are required:

 Measurement element Feedback controls are widely used in modern automated systems. A feedback control
system consists of five basic components: (1) input, (2) process being controlled, (3) output, (4) sensing
elements, and (5) controller and actuating devices.
 An element for error detection Error detectors are used in control systems to identify and measure any error
that can arise from a mismatch between the output that is actually produced and the output that is desired. As
a reference input, the input level is maintained constant to match the intended output's magnitude.
 A final control element In a process automation application, the last control element may be a pump, a heater,
a control valve, an on/off valve, or a device for controlling temperature.
PID System
A PID controller is a device that controls temperature, flow,
pressure, speed, and other process variables in industrial
control applications. The most precise and reliable controllers
are PID controllers, which employ a control loop feedback
mechanism to regulate process variables.

A PID controller's essential function is to read a sensor,


calculate and then add the three components to determine the
desired actuator output.

An application where the controller receives an input from a temperature sensor and has an output
that is coupled to a control device like a heater or fan would be an example of temperature control
using PID.
Characteristics
A PID controller uses proportional (P), integral (I), and derivative (D) parameters to
control a process. These factors can be weighted or adjusted to influence how they affect
the process.

Proportional: The fact or quality of being in proper balance or


relation as to size or quantity, degree, etc.

Integral: Something that is an integral part of something is an


essential part of that thing.

derivative: The rate of change of a function with respect to a


variable. Derivatives are fundamental to the solution of
problems in calculus and differential equations.

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