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Unit 2 - 2.2 - Integer Representation

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9 views24 pages

Unit 2 - 2.2 - Integer Representation

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terepapakamaal
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Unit-2_2

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Topic: Integer Representation & Binary Arithmetic

1
Outline

• Integer Representation
• Binary Addition
• Binary Subtraction
• Binary Multiplication
• Booth’s Algorithm

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Integer Representation
• Integer Representation refers to how the computer stores or represents a number in memory.
• The computer represents numbers in binary (1's and 0’s).
• As computer has a limited amount of space that can be used for each number or variable.
• This directly impacts the size, or range, of the number that can be represented.
• Computers uses a fixed number of bits to represent an integer.
• The commonly-used bit-lengths for integers are 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit.
• Besides bit-lengths, there are two representation schemes for integers:
1. Unsigned Integers: can represent zero and positive integers
2. Signed Integers: can represent zero, positive and negative integers

• Three representation schemes had been proposed for signed integers:


1.Sign-Magnitude representation
2.1's Complement representation
3.2's Complement representation

3
Integer

Signed
•Sign and Magnitude
•1’s Complement
•2’s Complement

Unsigned
4
Unsigned Integers

• Unsigned integers can represent zero and positive integers, but not negative integers. An n-bit
unsigned integer can represent integers from 0 to (2^n)-1

n= number of bits Minimum Maximum


8 0 (2^8)-1 (=255)
16 0 (2^16)-1 (=65,535)

32 0 (2^32)-1 (=4,294,967,295) (9+ digits)

64 0 (2^64)-1 (=18,446,744,073,709,551,615) (19+ digits)

5
Signed Integers- Sign Magnitude Representation

• The most-significant bit (msb) is the sign bit,


• 0 representing positive integer
• 1 representing negative integer.
• The remaining n-1 bits represents the magnitude (absolute
value) of the integer.

6
0 and -0 ?

• This is not possible in number


system.
• so this is drawback of sign and
magnitude representation method.
• Therefore we use 2’s complement
method to represent signed number

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In sign magnitude representations, there are two different representations for 0.

8
1’s Complement Representation

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Since the magnitude of both numbers is the same, the first 7 bits in the representation are the same for
both numbers. For +34, the MSB is 0, and for -34, the MSB or sign bit is 1

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Binary Addition & Subtraction

• Addition proceeds as if the two numbers were unsigned integers.


• If the result of the operation is positive, we get a positive number in twos complement form,
which is the same as in unsigned-integer form.
• If the result of the operation is negative, we get a negative number in twos complement form.
• in some instances, there is a carry bit beyond the end of the word (indicated by shading), which is
ignored

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Overflow

• On any addition, the result may be larger than can be held in the word size being used.
• This condition is called overflow. When overflow occurs, the ALU must signal this fact so that
no attempt is made to use the result.
• To detect overflow, the following rule is observed:
• OVERFLOW RULE: If two numbers are added, and they are both positive or both negative,
then overflow occurs if and only if the result has the opposite sign.

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Hardware for Addition and Subtraction

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Note that overflow can occur whether or not there is a carry.

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SUBTRACTION RULE: To subtract one number (subtrahend) from another (minuend), take the twos
complement (negation) of the subtrahend and add it to the minuend

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Multiplication
• Complex
• Work out partial product for each digit
• Take care with place value (column)
• Add partial products

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Multiplication Example
1011 Multiplicand (11 dec)
x 1101 Multiplier (13 dec)
1011 Partial products
0000 Note: if multiplier bit is 1 copy
1011 multiplicand (place value)
1011 otherwise zero
10001111 Product (143 dec)
Note: need double length result

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Unsigned Binary Multiplication

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Flowchart for Unsigned Binary Multiplication

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Multiplying Negative Numbers

• This does not work!


• Solution 1
– Convert to positive if required
– Multiply as above
– If signs were different, negate answer
• Solution 2
– Booth’s algorithm

21
Booth’s Algorithm

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Example of Booth’s Algorithm

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THANK YOU

24

Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune

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