Chapter 5 Part2
Chapter 5 Part2
Analog Data,
Digital Signals (5.3)
CSE 3213
Fall 2011
04/14/25 15:27 1
Analog Data, Digital Signals
• Digitization
—Conversion of analog data into digital data
—Digital data can then be transmitted using
NRZ-L or any other code other than NRZ-L
—Digital data can then be converted to analog
signals
—Analog to digital conversion done using a
codec (coder-decoder)
• Two techniques:
—Pulse code modulation (PCM)
—Delta modulation
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Digitizing Analog Data
Codec
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PCM Example
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Pulse Code Modulation (1)
There are two steps involved in converting analog data to a digital signal:
1. Sampling: obtain the value of signal every T seconds.
Choice of T is determined by how fast a signal changes, i.e., the
frequency content of the signal
Nyquist Sampling Theorem says:
Sampling rate (1 / T) 2 x maximum frequency in the signal
Sampling
T T
Quantization
For digital telephony, no. of levels (L) used in the uniform quantizer are 256
Number of bits (n) to represent a level = log2(L) = log2 (256) = 8 bits
Data rate = 8000 x 8 or 64 kbps
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PCM Block Diagram
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PCM Summary
• Nyquist Sampling Theorem:
If a signal is sampled at regular intervals at a
rate higher than twice the highest signal
frequency, the samples contain all the
information of the original signal.
• Quantized
—Quantizing error or noise
—Approximations mean it is impossible to
recover original exactly
SNR introduced by quantization:
(20 log10 L + 1.76) dB = (6.02n + 1.76)dB, L =
2n
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Nonlinear Encoding
• Quantization levels not evenly spaced
• Reduces overall signal distortion
• Can also be done by companding
(compressing-expanding) the input analog
signal
—Significantly improves the PCM SNR ratio
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Non-Linear Coding
Companding
Delta Modulation
• Analog input is approximated by a
staircase function
• Move up or down one level () at each
sample interval
• Binary behavior
—Function moves up or down at each sample
interval
—Moving up: generating 1
—Moving down: generating 0
• DM versus PCM
—DM: simpler implementation
—PCM: better SNR at the same data rate
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Delta Modulation Example
Delta Modulation - Operation
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Summary
• DM is simpler to implement than PCM, but has worse
SNR at the same data rate.
• Studies show PCM are preferable to DM.
• Digital data requires more bandwidth than analog
data.
— Analog voice bandwidth = 4KHz.
— PCM with 128 levels (7 bits) needs 8000 x 7 = 56Kbps, or
28KHz by Nyquist.
• Data compression can improve on this.
• Digital techniques continue to grow in popularity for
transmitting analog data.
— Use repeaters instead of amplifiers (no cumulative noise)
— Use TDM instead of FDM (no inter-modulation noise)
— Use more efficient digital switching techniques
Reading
• Section 5.3, Stallings’ book
• Next time: sections 5.2 and 5.4
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