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Chapter 5 Part2

The document discusses the process of digitizing analog data into digital signals using techniques such as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation. It explains the steps involved in PCM, including sampling and quantization, and highlights the importance of the Nyquist Sampling Theorem. Additionally, it compares the simplicity of Delta Modulation with the better signal-to-noise ratio of PCM, while noting the growing popularity of digital techniques for transmitting analog data.

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Mohammed Alabdullatif
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16 views17 pages

Chapter 5 Part2

The document discusses the process of digitizing analog data into digital signals using techniques such as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation. It explains the steps involved in PCM, including sampling and quantization, and highlights the importance of the Nyquist Sampling Theorem. Additionally, it compares the simplicity of Delta Modulation with the better signal-to-noise ratio of PCM, while noting the growing popularity of digital techniques for transmitting analog data.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Alabdullatif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Encoding ─

Analog Data,
Digital Signals (5.3)

CSE 3213
Fall 2011

04/14/25 15:27 1
Analog Data, Digital Signals
• Digitization
—Conversion of analog data into digital data
—Digital data can then be transmitted using
NRZ-L or any other code other than NRZ-L
—Digital data can then be converted to analog
signals
—Analog to digital conversion done using a
codec (coder-decoder)
• Two techniques:
—Pulse code modulation (PCM)
—Delta modulation
2
Digitizing Analog Data

Codec

3
PCM Example

4
Pulse Code Modulation (1)
There are two steps involved in converting analog data to a digital signal:
1. Sampling: obtain the value of signal every T seconds.
 Choice of T is determined by how fast a signal changes, i.e., the
frequency content of the signal
 Nyquist Sampling Theorem says:
Sampling rate (1 / T)  2 x maximum frequency in the signal

 
 
 
 Sampling 
 

Analogue Signal: Discrete-time Signal:


Defined for all time Defined for multiples of T
Can have any amplitude Can have any amplitude

─ Output = PAM signals (pulse amplitude modulation) 5


Pulse Code Modulation (2)
There are two steps involved in converting an analogue signal to a digital signal:
2. Quantization: approximate signal to certain levels. Number of levels used
determine the resolution.

T T

 
 
 
 Quantization 
 

Discrete-time Signal: Digital Signal (PCM):


Defined for multiples of T Defined for multiples of T
Can have any amplitude Amplitude limited to a few levels

SNR introduced by quantization: (20 log10 L + 1.76) dB where L = # levels = 2n


SNR = (6.02 n + 1.76) dB
6
PCM Example
Example: PCM signal obtained for voice data

Voice: maximum frequency = 4 kHz voice


Sampling rate (1 / T) >= 2 x 4000 or 8000 samples/second
(quality comparable with analog transmission)
Sampling period (T) = 1 / 8000 = 125 microseconds

For digital telephony, no. of levels (L) used in the uniform quantizer are 256
Number of bits (n) to represent a level = log2(L) = log2 (256) = 8 bits
Data rate = 8000 x 8 or 64 kbps

7
PCM Block Diagram

8
PCM Summary
• Nyquist Sampling Theorem:
If a signal is sampled at regular intervals at a
rate higher than twice the highest signal
frequency, the samples contain all the
information of the original signal.
• Quantized
—Quantizing error or noise
—Approximations mean it is impossible to
recover original exactly
SNR introduced by quantization:
(20 log10 L + 1.76) dB = (6.02n + 1.76)dB, L =
2n

9
Nonlinear Encoding
• Quantization levels not evenly spaced
• Reduces overall signal distortion
• Can also be done by companding
(compressing-expanding) the input analog
signal
—Significantly improves the PCM SNR ratio

10
Non-Linear Coding
Companding
Delta Modulation
• Analog input is approximated by a
staircase function
• Move up or down one level () at each
sample interval
• Binary behavior
—Function moves up or down at each sample
interval
—Moving up: generating 1
—Moving down: generating 0
• DM versus PCM
—DM: simpler implementation
—PCM: better SNR at the same data rate
13
Delta Modulation Example
Delta Modulation - Operation

15
Summary
• DM is simpler to implement than PCM, but has worse
SNR at the same data rate.
• Studies show PCM are preferable to DM.
• Digital data requires more bandwidth than analog
data.
— Analog voice bandwidth = 4KHz.
— PCM with 128 levels (7 bits) needs 8000 x 7 = 56Kbps, or
28KHz by Nyquist.
• Data compression can improve on this.
• Digital techniques continue to grow in popularity for
transmitting analog data.
— Use repeaters instead of amplifiers (no cumulative noise)
— Use TDM instead of FDM (no inter-modulation noise)
— Use more efficient digital switching techniques
Reading
• Section 5.3, Stallings’ book
• Next time: sections 5.2 and 5.4

17

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