Field-Effect Transistors in The Design of Integrated Circuits

The document discusses the evolution and design of integrated circuits, focusing on field-effect transistors, particularly CMOS technology. It outlines the historical milestones in transistor development, the significance of Moore's Law, and the types of transistors used in modern electronics. Additionally, it covers various circuit design elements such as CMOS gate design, pass transistors, and the layout of standard cells.

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Field-Effect Transistors in The Design of Integrated Circuits

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sodikovusmonhoja

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FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS IN

THE DESIGN OF INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS
Outline
• A Brief History
• CMOS Gate Design
• Pass Transistors
• CMOS Latches & Flip-Flops
• Standard Cell Layouts
• Stick Diagrams

1: Circuits & Layout Slide 2

A Brief History
• 1958: First integrated circuit
– Flip-flop using two transistors
– Built by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments
• 2003
– Intel Pentium 4 mprocessor (55 million transistors)
– 512 Mbit DRAM (> 0.5 billion transistors)
• 53% compound annual growth rate over 45 years
– No other technology has grown so fast so long
• Driven by miniaturization of transistors
– Smaller is cheaper, faster, lower in power!
– Revolutionary effects on society
1: Circuits & Layout Slide 3
Microelectronics Proliferation
• The integrated circuit was invented in 1958.
• World transistor production has more than doubled
every year for the past twenty years.
• Every year, more transistors are produced than in all
previous years combined.
• Approximately 109 transistors were produced in a
recent year.
• Roughly 50 transistors for every ant in the world .

Jaeger/Blalock Microelectronic Circuit Design

Chap 1 - 4
7/1/03 McGraw-Hill
Annual Sales
• 1018 transistors manufactured in 2003
– 100 million for every human on the planet
Global Semiconductor Billings

200
(Billions of US$)

150

100

0
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Year

1: Circuits & Layout Slide 5

Invention of the Transistor
• Vacuum tubes ruled in first half of 20th century
Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliable
• 1947: first point contact transistor
– John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs
– See Crystal Fire
by Riordan, Hoddeson

1: Circuits & Layout Slide 6

Transistor Types
• Bipolar transistors
– npn or pnp silicon structure
– Small current into very thin base layer controls large
currents between emitter and collector
– Base currents limit integration density
• Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
– nMOS and pMOS MOSFETS
– Voltage applied to insulated gate controls current
between source and drain
– Low power allows very high integration
1: Circuits & Layout Slide 7
Moore Law

Intel co-founder Gordon

Moore is a visionary. In
1965, his prediction,
popularly known as
Moore's Law, states that
the number of transistors on
a chip will double about ›
every two years. ;

Microelectronic Circuit Design

NJcfiraw-Hill
Moore's Law (cont.)
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