Control Valves

Control Valve
• Control valve is used for controlling the flow of fluid by
varying the size of passage of flow according to the
controller and enable direct control over the flow rate.
This results in control over process quantities like
temperature, liquid level and pressure. It is termed as
final control element in automatic control terminology.
• The principle behind the working of control valve is that
it can control the fluid rate which is based on controller
input.
• Main Parts of Control Valve
1.Valve actuator: a mechanical device that uses a power source to
operate a valve
2.It is used to move valve modulating elements like
butterfly or ball.
3.Valve positioner: It is used to check that desired degree
of opening is reached or not which overcome the issues
of wear and friction. uses spring
4.Valve body: It contains modulating element, globe, a
plug, butterfly or ball.
• two control actions are possible.
1.Air or current to close: Increment of flow restriction as
the control signal value increases.
2.Air or current to open: Decrement of flow restriction as
the control signal value increases.
• Advantages of Control Valves
1.It provides control over flow rate.
2.It has effective and rapid functioning.
3.It has durable service life.
4.It has compact design which facilitates minimal
consumption of space.
5.It have minimum pressure drop.
• Disadvantages of Control Valves
• The only disadvantage of control valves is that they
require control signal throughout its working period.
• Materials of Construction of Control Valves
• Carbon steel material is chosen for the use of non
corrosive use. Stainless steel is used for seat rings and
valve plugs. For less corrosive applications, stainless
steel is used for making valve housing. Exotic alloys like
titanium are used high corrosive fluids.
• Applications of Control Valves
1.Used for on – off applications.
2.It can be used for throttling purposes.
3.It can be used for pressure and flow control.
4.Low pressure applications and large flow control.
5.Can be used for corrosive liquids at low pressure and
temperature.
 Control valve selection criteria
• Flow Medium
• Flow Regulation
• Valve size
• Line Pressure vs. Valve pressure Drop
• Pressure Temp Rating
• MOC
•
• Fail-Closed: A condition wherein the valve closure member moves to
a closed position when the actuating energy source fails.
• Fail-Open: A condition wherein the valve closure member moves to
an open position when the actuating energy source fails.
• Fail-Safe: A characteristic of a valve and its actuator, which upon loss
of actuating energy supply, will cause a valve closure member to be
fully closed, fully open, or remain in the last position, whichever
position is defined as necessary to protect the process and
equipment. action can involve the use of auxiliary controls connected
to the actuator.
• Inherent Flow Characteristic: The relationship between the flow rate and the
closure member travel as it is moved from the closed position to rated travel with
constant pressure drop across the valve.
• Installed Flow Characteristic: The relationship between the flow rate and the
closure member travel as it is moved from the closed position to rated travel as
the pressure drop across the valve is influenced by the varying process conditions.
• Rangeability: The ratio of the largest flow coefficient (Cv or Kv ) to the smallest
flow coefficient (Cv or Kv ) within which the deviation from the specified flow
characteristic does not exceed the stated limits. A control valve that still does a
good job of controlling when flow increases to 100 times the minimum
controllable flow has a rangeability of 100 to 1. Rangeability can also be
expressed as the ratio of the maximum to minimum controllable flow rates.
In a reverse acting
actuator an increase in the
pneumatic pressure applied to
the diaphragm lifts the valve stem (in a
normally seated valve this will open the
valve and is called ‘air to open’).
 In a direct acting actuator, an increase
in the pneumatic pressure applied to the
diaphragm extends the valve stem (for a
normally seated valve this will close
the valve and is called ‘air to close’).

The choice of valve action is dictated by

safety considerations. In one case it may be desirable to
have the valve fail fully open when the pneumatic supply
fails. In another application it may be considered better if
the valve fails fully shut.
Inherent and Installed Flow characteristics
• The inherent characteristic of a valve is the characteristic
published by the manufacturer, based on tests performed in a
system where great care is taken to ensure that the pressure
drop across the test valve is held constant at all valve openings
and flow rates.
• The inherent characteristic, therefore, represents the
relationship between valve flow capacity and valve opening
when there are no system effects involved
• The installed characteristic is the plot of flow against opening of
valve using actual pressure drops experienced in practice.
With a fluid of constant density and a constant pressure drop across the valve, flow rate becomes
directly proportional to the valve’s flow coefficient (Cv).
This is clear from an examination of the basic valve capacity equation, if we replace the pressure
and specific gravity terms with a single constant k:

(If pressures and specific gravity are constant . . .)

Q = k.Cv
If a control valve is designed such that the combined effect of these two parameters vary linearly
with stem motion, the Cv of the valve will likewise be proportional to stem position.

If such a valve is placed in a laboratory flow test piping system with constant differential pressure
and constant fluid density, the relationship of flow rate to stem position will be linear.
• However, most real-life valve installations do not provide the
control valve with a constant pressure drop. Due to frictional
pressure losses in piping and changes in supply/demand
pressures that vary with flow rate, a typical control valve “sees”
substantial changes in differential pressure as its controlled flow
rate changes.
• The result of this pressure drop versus flow relationship is that
the actual flow rate of the same valve installed in a real process
will not linearly track valve stem position. Instead, it will “droop”
as the valve is further opened.
• The physical shape of the plug and seat arrangement,
sometimes referred to as the valve ‘trim’, causes the difference
in valve opening between these valves.
• the valve is a globe valve (up and down movement of the plug
relative to the seat)
or
• a rotary valve (lateral movement of the plug relative to the
seat).

• • Linear.
• • Equal percentage.
 • Globe valves may be fitted with plugs of differing
shapes, each of which has its own inherent
flow/opening characteristic. The three main types
available are usually designated:
• • Fast opening.
• Quick Opening
• Linear
• Equal Percentage
• Fast opening characteristic
• The fast opening characteristic valve plug will give a
large change in flowrate for a small valve lift from the
closed position. For example, a valve lift of 50% may
result in an orifice pass area and flowrate up to 90% of
its maximum potential.
• A valve using this type of plug is sometimes referred to
as having an ‘on/off’ characteristic.
• The linear characteristic valve plug is shaped so that
the flowrate is directly proportional to the valve lift (H),
at a constant differential pressure. A linear valve
achieves this by having a linear relationship between
the valve lift and the orifice pass area
• For example, at 40% valve lift, a 40% orifice size allows
40% of the full flow to pass.
• These valves have a valve plug shaped so that each increment in
valve lift increases the flowrate by a certain percentage of the
previous flow. The relationship between valve lift and orifice size
(and therefore flowrate) is not linear but logarithmic, and is
expressed mathematically
• The increase in volumetric flowrate through this type of control
valve increases by an equal percentage per
equal increment of valve movement:
• When the valve is 50% open, it will pass 1.414 m³/h, an increase of 48%
over the flow of 0.956 m³/h when the valve is 40% open.
• When the valve is 60% open, it will pass 2.091 m³/h, an increase of 48%
over the flow of 1.414 m³/h when the valve is 50% open.
Globe Valve
• A globe valve is a linear motion valve which is used
to start,stop and regulate the flow of liquid in the
pipeline.
• The disc of valve moves perpendicular to the seat as
the valve opens and closes.
Applications
• Globe valves are useful in a variety of applications where flow must be regulated but a
constant flow of fluid is not required. Here are a few examples of common applications
for globe valves:
• 1.Cooling water systems in which the flow must be regulated

2.A fuel oil system in which the flow is regulated and leak tightness is critical

3.When leak tightness and safety are important considerations, use high-point vents and
low-point drains.

4.Systems for feedwater, chemical feed, condenser air extraction, and extraction drain

5.Boiler vents and drains, as well as main steam vents and drains and heater drains

6.Seals and drains for turbines

7.Turbine lube oil system, among other things

Advantages
• Advantages of globe valve
• 1.Shutoff capability is good.
2.Moderate to good throttling capability
Shorter stroke (compared to a gate valve)
3.Available in tee, wye, and angle patterns, each
offering unique capabilities
4.Easy to machine or resurface the valve seats
5.With disc not attached to the stem, valve can be used
as a stop-check valve
disadvantages
• a greater pressure drop (compared to a gate valve)

To seat the valve, more force or a larger actuator is

required (with pressure under the seat)
Gate valve
Advantages
• Pressure drop during the operation is less.
• Easy to install and pressure drop at the time of operation is less.
• The fluid residence of the wall is small.
• The opening and closing of it are more convenient.
• It has wide application in the industry. in addition to steam, oil, and
other media, it can be used in a medium containing granular solid
and with large viscosity.
• It can also be used as a venting value and low vacuum system value.
• A gate valve is a wall that has dual flow directions. It is not subject to
the flow direction of the medium. Therefore, it is suitable for use in
the pipeline where the medium may change the flow direction.
Disadvantages
• We cannot use a gate valve for controlling the flow of
fluid.
• It has a slow operation. Takes more time in opening and
closing.
• When it is partially opened it creates a lot of vibration
and noise.
• Repairing this type of valve is very difficult due to
limited access.
Applications
• The great valve can be used for all types of fluid like air, fuel
gas, lube oil, steam, hydrocarbon, and any other services.
• Gate valves can be used in demanding environments such
as high temperature and high-pressure environments.
• A special type of gate valve is used in slurry and powder
production also called the knife Gate valve.
• At very low pressure and low-temperature systems like fire
protection systems and water distribution pipelines, Gate
valves are commonly used.
• Gate valve is often used in the petroleum industry.
Butterfly Valve
• A butterfly valve is a types of valve that isolates and
regulates the flow of a fluid by a disc provided across the
bore of a ring body having the same radial dimensions as the
pipe in which it is fitted.
• The valve is quick acting if required,as only a quarter of a turn
of the spindle is required to move the valve from the fully
open to the fully closed positions.
• A “butterfly” is a disk attached to a rod. It closes when the rod
rotates the disc a quarter turn to a perpendicular position to
the flow direction.
When the valve is opened, the disk rotates back to allow flow.
Advantages
• Compact design requires considerably less space,
compared to other valves
• Quick operation requires less time to open or close
Light in weight
Low-pressure drop and high-pressure recovery
Available in very large sizes
• Require less maintenance
• Required less space compare to other valves.
• Easy and fast to open or shut off.
Disadvantages
• Cavitation and choked flow are two potential concerns
• Throttling service is limited to low differential pressure
• Disc movement is unguided and affected by flow
turbulence
• Poor sealing functions
Applications
• 1.Cooling water, air, gases, and other similar applications
such as fire protection, water circulation, and so on.
2. Corrosive services that necessitate lined valves
3. Services in food processing, chemical and
pharmaceuticals
4. Slurry and related services
5. Services involving high-pressure and high-temperature
water and steam
6. Low differential pressure throttling service, such as in
cooling water or air supply systems
7. Vacuum services
Ball Valve
• A ball valve is a shut off valve that controls the flow of a
liquid or gas by means of a rotary ball having a bore. By
rotating the ball a quarter turn (90 degrees) around its
axis, the medium can flow through or is blocked. They
are characterized by a long service life and provide a
reliable sealing over the life span, even when the valve
is not in use for a long time. As a result, they are more
popular as a shut off valve then for example the gate
valve.
The 5 main components can be seen in the ball
valve diagram The valve stem (1) is connected to
the ball (4) and is either manually operated or
automatically operated (electrically or
pneumatically). The ball is supported and sealed
by the ball valve seat (5) and their are o-rings (2)
around the valve stem. All are inside the valve
housing (3). The ball has a bore through it, as seen
in the sectional view in Figure 1. When the valve
stem is turned a quarter-turn the bore is either
open to the flow allowing media to flow through or
closed to prevent media flow. The valves circuit
function, housing assembly, ball design, and
operation types all impact the ball valves
operation are are discussed below.
Advantages
• 1.Efficiency :- Ball valves require no lubrication and provide a
bubble-tight seal with very little torque.
2.Affordability: They can often be purchased at a considerably
lower cost than comparable products for the same job.
3.Durability: They have a long service life and will provide many
years of reliable service when used properly. Ball valves are less
likely to be damaged than other valve types, and the plastic
variety isn’t corrosive.
• 4.Easy to use :-It is simple to install and operate, and plastic ball
valves are lightweight and easy to handle.
5.versatile :-They’re versatile enough to be used in a wide range
of industrial applications where liquid or gas flow must be
controlled.
6.Strong:-Ball valves are capable of maintaining and regulating
high pressure, volume, and temperature flow.
7.Simple to repair :-When a valve needs to be repaired, the seats
are easily accessible.
Disadvantages
• 1.Poor throttling characteristics: In a throttling position,
high velocity flows may cause erosion of the partially
exposed seat. As a result, they’re not recommended for
long-term throttling.
• 2.Wear and tear :-Ball valves can stick in place and
become jammed when used to regulate the wrong types
of fluids, such as slurries, due to suspended particles
being trapped. This can lead to the valve wearing out,
becoming damaged, or becoming stuck.
Applications
• 1.Valves for shutting down and isolating liquid and
gaseous services that require leaktight valves.
2.Valves for shutting down the system in the event of an
emergency.
3 Control valves with a low differential pressure.
4.Steam service control and shut-off valves.
5.For liquid and gaseous services, there are vent and
drain valves.
6.Surge control valves for pipelines.
Needle Valve
• A needle valve is a type of valve that can be used to
regulate or complete the isolation of the fluid. The
unique feature of the valve is the structure of a small
plunger with the shape of a Needle. The plunger
features a small handle to operate in the easy and
precise operation of the valve. When fully attached,
the extended end of the valve fits exactly into the
seat, a part of the appliance that is being regulated. In
case of valve opened by mistake, then also space
between and needle and seat are so less, that a
minimal amount of substance will be allowed to pass
through it.
Advantages of Needle Valve
• The main advantages that a needle valve serves are
With the help of this valve flow control at a very low
rate with higher accuracy is possible.
Needle valves are smaller in size. So, there is not an
issue of space during its installation.
Throttling even with less volume of fluid is possible with
this valve.
Flow rates can be adjusted precisely.
Its operation is easier.
Disadvantages of Needle Valve
1.There is a high-pressure loss in the needle valve
because of the high restriction of fluid flow.
2.They can be used only for low flow rate piping systems.
3.There can be damage to the seat and needle if the fluid
has solid particles.
4.It is not possible to say if it is in an open or close
position just by examining the handle position.
5.Immediate opening or closing is not possible in these
types of valves. Immediate operations can damage the
seat of the need valve.
Applications of Needle Valve
• All analog field instruments are installed with a needle valve to
control the flow movement.
• Needle valves help in situations where the flow needs to stop
gradually.
• The needle valve can be used as an on/off and throttle valve.
• This can be used where metering applications required such as
steam, air, gas, oil, or water.
• A needle valve is helpful with sample points in piping where a very
little flow rate is required.
• This valve can be used on gas bleeder lines.
• Needle valves are used in automated combustion control systems in
which accurate flow regulation is required.
• It is used with constant pressure pump governors in order to reduce
the fluctuation in the pump discharge
Diaphragm Valve
Diaphragm valves (or
membrane valves) consists of a
valve body with two or more
ports, a diaphragm, and a “weir
or saddle” or seat upon which
the diaphragm closes the valve.
The valve body may be
constructed from plastic, metal,
wood or other materials
depending on the intended use.
Advantages of Diaphragm Valve
• Diaphragm valves can also be used for throttling service.
• Its throttling characteristics are essentially those of a quick
opening valve because of the large shutoff area along the seat.
• A weir-type diaphragm valve is available to control small flows.
• Diaphragm valves are particularly suited for the handling of
corrosive fluids, fibrous slurries, radioactive fluids, or other
fluids that must remain free from contamination.
• The operating mechanism of a diaphragm valve is not exposed
to the media within the pipeline. Sticky or viscous fluids cannot
get into the bonnet to interfere with the operating mechanism.
 Pinch Valve
• The Pinch Valve is made up of three parts:
• Body / Housing
• Internal rubber sleeve
• End connections
The rubber sleeve inside the body of the
valve is the part that closes it. When in the
open position, the Pinch Valve has a full and
true bore. To close the valve, air pressure is
supplied into an air nipple on the outer body,
which then travels through into the internal
part of the valve, pushing down onto the
rubber sleeve which fully collapses and closes
tightly.
Advantages Pinch Valve
• Low & easy maintenance
• Low weight
• No clogging
• Compact, simple, robust & straight through design
• Very fast opening/closing times
• Less air consumption
• Self cleaning
• Permanent seal with tight shutoff
• Minimal turbulence & friction
• No mechanical parts, and no bearings, seals or packing required.
• Only one replaceable part (elastomer sleeve)
Disadvantage
• Not good for high pressure drops.
• Poor control characteristics

• Applications
• Cement industry
• Plastic industry
• Pneumatic Conveying industry
• Wastewater industry/Sewage treatment plants
• Ceramic Industry
• Environmental industry
• Chemical industry
Diadvantages of Diaphragm valve
• The hydrostatic pressure that can be applied to the diaphragm
is limited.
• Dimensions of diaphragm valves are limited. They are produced
in DN15-DN300 dimensions.
Symbols of different valves
Solenoid Valve
• A solenoid valve consists of two basic units: an assembly of the
solenoid (the electromagnet) and plunger (the core), and a valve
containing an orifice (opening) in which a disc or plug is
positioned to control the flow of fluid.
• The valve is opened or closed by the movement of the magnetic
plunger.
• When the coil is energized, the plunger is drawn into the solenoid
(electromagnet), and flow through the orifice is allowed.
• The valve returns automatically to its original position when the
current ceases due to the pressure of spring and flow through the
orifice is restricted.
Advantages
• Low energy use
• Remotely operated
• Cost-effective to maintain and service
• Compatible with AC and DC voltages
• Extremely fast open and shut times
• Capable of operating in extreme temperatures
• Safety external leakage block
• Operates both vertically and horizontally
• Solenoid valve applications are extremely diverse
Disadvantages
• The potential for the coil to need replacing during its lifetime
• The need for the control signal to remain during its operation
• Sensitivity to voltage fluctuations or changes
• Unintended partial closure of the valve if the magnetic field isn’t
properly set up
• Process Control Valves
• Control valve terminology: Rangeabilty, Turndown; Valve size
• Control valve capacity and valve gain
• Air to Open(AO), Air to Close (AC)
• Selection criterion
• MOC (Material of construction)
• type of actuation .
• applications, advantages, disadvantage of - Globe, Ball, Needle, Butterfly,
• Diaphragm, Pinch, Gate, Solenoid, Smart control valves, and special designs
• of Globe valves.
• Flow characteristics (Inherent and Installed)
• Valve positioners: necessity, types-motion balance and force-balance, effect on
performance of control valve.
• Control Valve Actuators- Electrical, Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Electro-mechanical,
and Digital actuators.
Disadvantages
• We cannot use a gate valve for controlling the flow of
fluid.
• It has a slow operation. Takes more time in opening and
closing.
• When it is partially opened it creates a lot of vibration
and noise.
• Repairing this type of valve is very difficult due to
limited access.
Applications
• The great valve can be used for all types of fluid like air, fuel
gas, lube oil, steam, hydrocarbon, and any other services.
• Gate valves can be used in demanding environments such
as high temperature and high-pressure environments.
• A special type of gate valve is used in slurry and powder
production also called the knife Gate valve.
• At very low pressure and low-temperature systems like fire
protection systems and water distribution pipelines, Gate
valves are commonly used.
• Gate valve is often used in the petroleum industry.
Valve Positioner
• Control valve positioner is a device put into a valve to ensure that it
is at a correct position of opening as per the control signal. I/P
converter only sends the opening/closing request to valve but can’t
confirm its position.
• Valve positioner senses the valve opening through a position
feedback link connected to valve stem, which is its input signal. I/P
converter output is its set point input. The difference between
these two is the error signal based on which the valve positioner
positions the valve to correct position to reduce error to zero.
Therefore valve positioner is nothing but a pneumatic feedback
controller. Controlled external supply air to positioner and provides
power to position a valve. Also valve positioner is used in a control
valve when valve operating signal range is different from I/P
converter output range.
• The purpose of a positioner is to improve the accuracy
of control valve response. This means that the valve
position will more closely approach the position
commanded by the control system. A positioner can
reduce the effects of many dynamic variations. These
include changes in packing friction due to dirt,
corrosion, lubrication, or lack of lubrication; variations in
the dynamic forces of the process; sloppy linkages
(causing dead band); and nonlinearities in the valve
actuator.
Valve Positioner types
• Force Balance Positioner
• Motion Balance Positioner
• The force-balance positioner has an element that
compares the force generated by the input signal with
the force generated by the feedback spring connected
to the valve stem.
• The motion-balance positioner compares the motion of
an input bellows or diaphragm with linkage attached to
the valve stem.
In this mechanism, an
increasing signal
pressure causes the
beam to advance toward
the nozzle, generating
increased nozzle
backpressure which then
causes the pneumatic
amplifying relay to
send more air pressure to
the valve actuator. As the
valve stem lifts up, the
upward motion
imparted to the right-
hand end of the beam
counters the beam’s
previous advance toward
the nozzle.
When equilibrium is
The control signal for this valve is a 3 to
15 PSI pneumatic signal, coming from
either an I/P transducer or a pneumatic
controller (neither one shown in the
illustration). This control
signal pressure applies an upward force
on the force beam, such that the baffle
tries to approach the nozzle. Increasing
backpressure in the nozzle causes the
pneumatic amplifying relay to output
a greater air pressure to the valve
actuator, which in turn lifts the valve
stem up (opening up the valve). As the
valve stem lifts up, the spring
connecting the force beam to the valve
stem becomes further stretched,
applying additional force to the right-
hand side of the force beam. When
this additional force balances the
bellows’ force, the system stabilizes at
a new equilibrium. Like all force-
balance systems, the force beam
motion is greatly constrained by the
balancing forces, such that its motion is
negligible for all practical purposes. In
Advantages of positioner
•Precise positioning
•can cope with large variations in forces acting on
plug
•Rapid positioning
•Removes stiction and friction effects of gland
•Removes effects of large distances between valve
and positioner
•Eliminates hysterises
When to use positioners
• A positioner should be considered in the following
circumstances:
• When accurate valve positioning is required;
• To speed up the valve response. The positioner uses
higher pressure and greater air flow to adjust the valve
position;
• When controlling with wide throttling range; and
• When valves are handling sludge or solids in
suspension.
Actuator types
• Pneumatically-operated control valve actuators are the most popular
type in use, but electric, hydraulic, and manual actuators are also
widely used.
• Diaphragm actuators
• Pneumatically-operated diaphragm actuators use air supply from
controllers, positioners, or other sources.
• Various styles include: direct-acting, in which the increasing air
pressure pushes the diaphragm down and extends the actuator stem
reverse-acting, in which the increasing air pressure pushes the
diaphragm up and retracts the actuator stem
• Net output thrust is the difference between diaphragm force and
opposing spring force. Molded diaphragms provide linear
performance and increased travels. Output thrust required and supply
air pressure available dictate size. Diaphragm actuators are simple,
dependable, and economical.
Manual Actuators
• Manual actuators are useful where automatic control is not required,
but where ease of operation and good manual control is still
necessary
• . They are often used to actuate the bypass valve in a three-valve
bypass loop around control valves for manual control of the process
during maintenance or shut down of the automatic system.
• Manual actuators are available in various sizes for both globe-style
and rotary valves.
• Manual actuators are much less expensive than automatic actuators
Electric actuator
• Electric actuator designs use an electric motor and some form of gear
reduction to move the valve plug .
• While electric actuators have traditionally been limited to on/off
operation, some are now capable of continuous control. The use of
brushless motors in electric actuators can reduce or eliminate motor
burnout associated with turning the motor on and off rapidly. The
initial purchase price still tends to remain above that of pneumatic
actuation. The primary usage of electric actuation is in areas where
instrument air is not readily available or where an insufficient quantity
of valves exist to justify the cost of a compressor system.
Dampers
• Damper is a device used to stop or regulate
the flow of air inside a duct, chimney, AHU(air
handling units) in centralised AC systems.
• Types
• Multiblade Louver
Consists of multiple blades
One of the mostly used dampers in
HVAC(heating ventilation and air contioning)
Mostly used in air handling units to control
fresh air intake or to control mixing of return
and fresh air
• Single blade butterfly damper
• Uses a blade on a hinge that is used to
fill the duct when lined up properly in
order to restrict the flow.
• Back draft damper
• Restrict the air flow in single direction
only, no opposite direction flow is
allowed.
• The blades close if no air is passing or
air flows in opposite direction
• Inlet vane damper
• Are used to control the flow
and pressure relationship of a
fan. They are mounted on the
inlet of a fan.
• Uses
• To control the air flow being supplied to the fire chambers.
• To control the flow of flue gases from the fire chambers.
• To control the air flow in HVAC systems.
• Controlling of the damper
• Can be manual
• Automatic using motors with regulated speed .
Feeders
• Feeders are devices mounted at the outlet of storage units
such as bins, bunkers, silos or hoppers which are used to
control and meter the flow of bulk materials from the storage
unit to meet the specified discharge flow rate. When the
feeder stops, material flow ceases and when the feeder is
turned on, there is a close correlation between its speed of
operation and the rate of discharge of the bulk material.
• It is particularly important that both the feeder and the
storage unit are designed as an integral unit so as to ensure
that the flow from the storage unit is fully developed with
uniform draw of bulk material from the entire outlet of the
storage unit.
• Vibratory feeders
• Vibratory feeders use both vibration
and gravity to move material. Gravity is
used to determine the direction, either
down, or down and to a side, and then
vibration is used to move the material.
• Vibratory feeders are used
extensively in controlling the
discharge of bulk materials from
storing units and stockpiles and
directing these materials onto the
conveyor belts. They are
especially suitable for a broad
range of bulk materials, are being
able to accommodate a range of
particle sizes, and are being
particularly suitable for abrasive
materials.
• Belt feeder
• A short belt conveyor used to transfer
granulated or powdered solids from a
storage or supply point to an end-use
point; for example, from a bin hopper to a
chemical reactor.
• Belt feeders are one of the most
widely used feeders. They are used
to provide a controlled volumetric
flow of bulk materials from the
storage units. They generally consist
of a flat belt supported by closely
spaced idlers and driven by end
pulleys.