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Flow Process Control

The document outlines the various types of controllers used in process flow control systems, including Proportional (P), Integral (I), Derivative (D), Proportional-Integral (PI), and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers, detailing their functions and applications. It also discusses the components of flow control systems, including setpoints, transducers, controllers, and final control elements, as well as the controlled, manipulated, and disturbance variables. Additionally, the document highlights the advantages and limitations of each controller type, emphasizing the efficiency of the PID controller.

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sameehaadil2005
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2 views

Flow Process Control

The document outlines the various types of controllers used in process flow control systems, including Proportional (P), Integral (I), Derivative (D), Proportional-Integral (PI), and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers, detailing their functions and applications. It also discusses the components of flow control systems, including setpoints, transducers, controllers, and final control elements, as well as the controlled, manipulated, and disturbance variables. Additionally, the document highlights the advantages and limitations of each controller type, emphasizing the efficiency of the PID controller.

Uploaded by

sameehaadil2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Process Flow

BITS Pilani
Control Sameeha Adil
Dubai Campus
2022A1PS0248U
Transfer Function
The transfer function of controllers in control systems represents the
relationship between the input (error signal) and the output (control
signal).

● Proportional (P) Controller:


Function:The output is directly proportional to the input error.
Kp. Kp​is the proportional gain.

● Integral (I) Controller


Function: Accumulates past errors to eliminate steady-state
error.

● Derivative (D) Controller


Function: Predicts future error based on its rate of change to
reduce overshoot and improve stability.

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus


● Proportional Integral (PI) Controller

Function:This controller combines proportional control Kp and Integral Gain Ki


and s is the laplace operator
Effect: The PI controller eliminates steady-state error by integrating past errors
over time.

● Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller:

Function: continuously calculates an error value and adjusts a process to


minimize it, ensuring stable and accurate control.
The PID controller combines proportional, integral, and derivative actions:

Kp is the proportional gain.


Ki/S is the integral action, which eliminates steady-state error.
KdS is the derivative action, which anticipates future error based on the rate of
change of the error.

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus


Process Flow Control

● Regulates the flow rate of fluids (liquids or gases) in a


system to maintain desired conditions like pressure,
temperature, or level.

● It ensures safe, stable, and efficient operation of


industrial processes by adjusting valves based on
feedback from sensors.

● Uses components like sensors, controllers, and


control valves to maintain flow near the setpoint.

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus


Components

🔧 Flow Control System Components


● 🎯 Setpoint – Desired value of the flow

● 📏 Transducer – Measures the actual flow rate and sends data


to the controller.

● ⚙️Controller – Compares setpoint and measured value;


calculates correction. Ex: PID Controller

● 🔄 Final Control Element (FCE) / Control Valve –


Adjusts the flow based on controller signal

● 🏭 Process – The system where flow is being controlled


(Ex:Reactor)

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus


Process Variables
🎯 Controlled Variable (CV)

● What it is: The variable we want to keep at a setpoint.


● Example: Flow rate, Temperature, Pressure, Level

🔁 Manipulated Variable (MV)

● What it is: The variable that the operator adjusts to control the
process(Desired results).
● Example: Valve position (opened/closed by the controller to regulate
flow).

Disturbance Variable (DV)

● What it is: An external input that affects the CV but can't be controlled
directly.
● Example: Fluctuations in supply pressure or temperature

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus


Types of Controller
4. Proportional-Integral (PI) Controller:

● Function: Combines proportional and integral control to correct both immediate and
accumulated errors, eliminating steady-state error.
● Example:In a heating system, the PI controller adjusts heating based on current error
and accumulated deviation, eliminating steady-state error.

5. Proportional-Derivative (PD) Controller:

● Function: Combines proportional and derivative control to address current error and its
rate of change, reducing overshoot and improving stability.
● Example: In CNC position control, the PD controller adjusts speed based on position
error and its rate of change, ensuring precise motion with minimal overshoot.

6. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller:

● Function: Combines proportional, integral, and derivative control to correct current


error, eliminate steady-state error, and anticipate future errors, providing balanced
control.
● Example:In furnace temperature control, the PID controller adjusts heating based on
current and past errors and rate of change, ensuring stable temperature with minimal
overshoot.

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus


Advantages vs Limitations
1. PI Controller:

● Advantages: Eliminates steady-state error, simple, good for slow-response


systems.
● Limitations: Can cause overshoot and slower response.

2. PD Controller:

● Advantages: Reduces overshoot, faster response, improves stability.


● Limitations: Does not eliminate steady-state error, sensitive to noise.

3. PID Controller:

● Advantages: Combines P, I, and D benefits, eliminates steady-state error,


improves stability and response.
● Limitations: Complex tuning, sensitive to noise in derivative action.

Efficiency:

● PID is generally the most efficient, offering balanced performance for various
systems.

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus


Applications of Process Flow Control

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus


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