Principles of Object Oriented

Programming in Java
Mr. M.R.
Solanki
Sr. Lecturer, Information Technology,
[email protected]
SBMP
 Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to:

• Describe types of programming
Languages
• Explain the difference between SOP
and OOP
• Define class, objects, abstraction,
encapsulation, inheritance and
polymorphism
• Write a sample C++ Program
 Programming Languages
Types of Programming Languages:
1. Low (Binary or / Machine ) Level
Language:
0’s and 1’s
 Input and output are in binary form
Efficient performance as Processor
knows binary
 Difficult to learn (Only scientists and
researchers could work with it)
 Programming Languages
Types of Programming Languages:
2. Assembly Level Language:
 Hexadecimal Number System (0-F)
 Easy to learn so user friendly than
binary
 Not efficient as binary because of
Assembler required to translate code into
binary and extra cost for the assembler
software
 Programming Languages
Types of Programming Languages:
3. Higher Level Language:
 Decimal Number System (0-9)
 Most user friendly because of fully
English like structure
 Performance is worse because Compiler
or Interpreter is required for translation
from higher level to lower level
Easy to learn compared to other
languages
 Programming Languages
Types of Programming Languages:
Timeline of HLLs
Some Popular HLLs
 Structured v/s Object
Oriented Programming
Language
 Procedure Oriented Program
Procedure-Oriented programming basically consists of
writing a list of instructions (or actions) for the computer
to follow, and organizing these instructions into groups
known as functions.
 While we concentrate on the development of functions,
very little attention is given to the data t hat are being
used by various functions.
What happens to the data? How are they affected by the
functions that work on them?
In a multi function program, many important data items
are placed as global so that they may be accessed by all
the functions
Global data are more vulnerable to an accidental change
by a function
 Procedure Oriented Program

Typical Structure of Procedure Oriented Program

Procedure Oriented Program

Data and Functions in SOP

 Object Oriented Program
The major motivating factor in the invention of object
oriented approach is to remove some of the flaws
encountered in the procedural approach.
OOP treats data as a critical element in the program
development and does not allow it to flow freely around
the system.
It ties data more closely to the function that operate on
it, and protects it from accidental modification from
outside functions.
 OOP allows decomposition of a problem into a number
of entities called objects and then builds data and
functions around these objects.
The data of an object can be accessed only by the
functions associated with that object.
Object Oriented Program

Organization of Data in OOP

 SOP v/s OOP
Sr. Structured Programming Object Oriented Programming
No Language (SOP) Language(OOP)
1 It is designed to focus It is designed to focus on data.
on process/ logical structure and
then data required for that
process.
2 Follows top-down approach. Follows bottom-up approach.
3 Also known as Modular Supports inheritance,
Programming and a subset encapsulation,
of procedural programming abstraction, polymorphism, etc.
language.
4 Programs are divided into small Programs are divided into small
self-contained functions. entities called objects.
5 Function transform data from one Functions that operate on data of
form to another an object are tied together in a
data structure
 SOP v/s OOP
6 Less secure as there is no way More secure as having data
of data hiding. (most of the hiding feature through access
functions share global data) specifiers/modifiers i.e. private
and protected
7 Can solve moderately complex Can solve
programs. any complex programs.
8 Provides less reusability, more Provides more reusability (due to
function dependency. inheritance), less
function dependency.
9 Less abstraction and less More abstraction and
flexibility. more flexibility( new data can
functions can be added easily
whenever required)
10 Examples: FORTRAN, C, BASIC, Examples: C++, Java, PHP, .Net,
PASCAL, etc. Python, etc.
OOP Principles
 class
 We can create a user defined data type in Java
using class.
 A class can be considered as a “Template” or
“Blue Print” or “Dye” which declares data and
code(function) inside it.
 A class is a logical reality from which we can
create n no. of instances i.e. from a dye, we can
create so many idols, from a blue print
(plan/design/pattern), we can construct so many
buildings physically, etc. Thus a class is a
collection of objects of similar types.
 object
 Basic run time entities in OOP i.e. a person, a
bank, an employee, a student, etc.
 Are variables of type class
 Is a physical reality
 Each object contains data and code(function) to
manipulate data
 Objects interact with each other by sending
messages. i.e. a customer object can request an
account object for the bank balance.
 Data Encapsulation
 The wrapping up of data and functions into a
single unit (class) is known as Encapsulation
 Only functions declared inside the class can
access the data. (outside interference is
restricted – security)
 Also called as “Data Hiding” or “Information
Hiding”
 The functions provide an interface between an
object’s data and the program.
 Encapsulation is achieved trough access
modifiers private and protected in Java.
 Data Encapsulation
Example: class Employee
{ // data members
private int code;
private String name;
private float salary;
private int experience;
// member methods
void setEmp()
{
// data input
}
void getEmp()
{
// data output
}
} // end of class
 Data Encapsulation
class EmployeeMain
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Employee e=new Employee();
e.code=1; // error becuase of private access
specifier
}
}
 Data Abstarction
 Act of representing essential features without
including the internal details or explanations.
Examples:
i. To drive a car without knowledge of
Automobile Engineering
ii. Using library functions in C/C++/Java - pow(),
sqrt(), etc.
iii. To use Internet, Smart Phones without knowing
internal technicalities.
 Classes use the concept of abstraction and are
defined as a list of abstract attributes such as
size, weight, and cost. Functions to operate on
these attributes i.e. employee class
 To use the functionality of employee class, user
is not worried about internal details rather he
has to create an object and call the member
functions.
 Data Abstraction
Example: class Employee
{ // data members
private int code;
private String name;
private float salary;
private int experience;
// member methods
void setEmp()
{
// data input
}
void getEmp()
{
// data output
}
} // end of class
Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
[email protected]
 Credits
 Object oriented programming with C++, E
Balagurusamy, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited, New Delhi