APPLICATION DOMAINS

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 Law Enforcement Community
• Local:
– City police
– City attorney
– Regulatory agencies
• County:
– Sheriff
– County/District Attorney
– Regulatory agencies
• State:
– State Police/State Patrol
– Attorney General
– Regulatory Agencies
Problems with Law enforcement network
• Limited coordination

• Limited cooperation

• Turf battles

• Service duplication

• Crime displacement

• Inconsistent crime responses

 Law Enforcement
• The Cyber Law Enforcement Organization is a network of law
enforcement officers, who specialize in cybercrime
investigation, training other law enforcement officers and
who assist cybercrime victims online.

• Their tip line handles child pornography, cyber stalking and

missing children tips, as well as tips for cyber scams and
fraud online.

• The Cyber Law Enforcement Organization also includes the

Legal Eagles group of prosecutors, defense counsel and legal
experts in the field of cybercrime, to help educate and guide
the Internet community on crime prevention and reporting
of cybercrimes.
 Law Enforcement
• The Cyber law Enforcement Organization (CLEO) has four
main goals:
– To unite police officers worldwide and educate them on
cybercrime, cyber law, investigative techniques and how they
interact.
– To provide investigative assistance to police departments when
requested.
– To provide online help and education for victims of cyber
stalking, cyber harassment, pedophiles, hacking, and virus
attacks, as well as access to support groups and online
counseling.
– To standardize relations and communications between police
departments, Internet Service Providers , Legal system contacts
and victim advocacy groups worldwide.
 Law Enforcement – Current Status
• Law enforcement officers used to wear a gun and a badge.
Now some even wear a laser gun to catch speeders.
• In the present era, the tools they wear and carry will be even
more technical.
• "So much has happened over the past 10 years with
computers, it's mind-boggling," A law enforcement Chief
David Yurchuck said. "It could nearly do away with
paperwork. It's changing every day. I have no doubt in the
21st century a lot of crime will be solved by people sitting at
computers."
• The patrol cars are all equipped with computers now.
• In an instant, an officer can check for stolen cars or property.
 Law Enforcement – Current Status
• In the future, everything will be done from cars electronically
flashing data to records officers, Yurchuck said. "Very little
will be done on paper," he said.
• There are video cameras that will take pictures if someone
runs a red light. It will enter the pictures into the system, and
the vehicle owner can be issued a citation.
• "Officers will deal with the owners, whether they are the
primary operators of the cars or not. They are responsible,"
Yurchuck said.
• There may also be a spike system built into the roads that can
be activated by the computers in the patrol cars.
• Florida Highway Patrol uses new technology in laser guns
used to stop speeders.
 Law Enforcement – Current Status
• The gun's digital display clocks in the speed and distance of
vehicles the gun is aimed at.
• The display remains on the unit until the trooper shuts it off.
It is lighter and more accurate than the older radar
technology.
• This is especially useful when the alleged speeder disagrees
on the speed they were traveling.
• "With the radar, they would say, 'You couldn't have got me
speeding, it was the car in front or the car behind me,'"
Trooper Spencer Ross, Law enforcement officer said. "When I
show them the laser and put the object in the cross hairs (of
the viewer), there's no escape.
• "We don't have to show it to them, but I do it as a courtesy."
 Law Enforcement – Current Status
• The laser is so sensitive that if all the variables are not in
place, there is no reading. It won't give a false reading.
• "When you are aiming at a car, trying to get a speed, if
another car comes in between, if anything crosses the beam,
there is no reading," Ross said. "If a palm branch waves in
front of it, I can't get a reading."
• You have to hold it steady. Any movement and you have to
realign it.
• "Any mistake by the operator goes in favor of the driver of
the car," he said.
• Officers must be certified to operate radar before they can
operate the laser, but the training and experience is still
important Ross said. He has been doing it every working day
for four years, he said.
 Law Enforcement – Current Status
• When cases come to court, the judges love the laser tickets,
Ross said. FHP took some of the judges out to show them
how it works about two years ago.
• The laser is an infrared light that can't hurt anyone, he said. It
is portable and lighter than the older radar guns. The laser
works from light, while the regular radar guns work from
sound, he said. Officers use what Spencer called "urban
camouflage," or parking in a highly visible setting where they
are overlooked. The laser clocked a motorcyclist as traveling
60 mph in a 45 mph zone on U.S. 41.
• The driver said he doesn't normally speed but he had just
gotten the bike....
• Spencer issued a warning, saying if he saw him speeding
again, he would get a ticket.
 Law Enforcement – Current Status
• Sarasota County sheriff's deputies have some high tech tools in
their collection, too, said Sgt. Tim Carney, spokesman for the
sheriff's office.
• The sheriff's helicopter pilots use an infra red device that works
from body heat. In a recent class, the system monitor showed a
dog on the ground from about 200 feet in the air.
• In forensics, deputies have used a chemical called Luminal for
years. A black light on it shows blood at crime scenes. In
addition to the black fingerprint powder, they also have a
luminous fingerprint powder, Carney said.
• They use an iris scanner at Sarasota County Jail. "If somebody
gives a fake ID, and they are already in the data base, it will
show them up," he said. "Not too long ago, a guy who was in
the data base gave his brother's name. They caught him.
Supposedly, the iris scan is more exact than fingerprints."
 Law Enforcement
• Law enforcement agencies face a multitude of tasks and
challenges in their daily responsibility of protecting life and
property while keeping the peace in their communities.
• Virtually every task and challenge has a geographic
component. These tasks require both strategic and tactical
planning in rapidly changing social, economic, and political
environments.
• While law enforcement agencies collect vast amounts of
data, only a very small part of this information can be
absorbed from spreadsheets and database files.
• GIS provides a visual, spatial means of displaying data,
allowing law enforcement agencies to integrate and leverage
their data for more informed decision making.
 Law Enforcement
• GIS is the next step in the evolution of information
technology. It is core information and analysis tool that helps
manage not only geographic data but other data sets as well.
• GIS has been embraced by professionals in all areas of law
enforcement for conducting day-to-day operations as well as
for planning, analysis and decision support.
 Political Processes
• IT enables the delivery of government services as it caters to
a large base of people across different segments and
geographical locations.
• The effective use of IT services in government administration
can greatly enhance existing efficiencies, drive down
communication costs, and increase transparency in the
functioning of various departments.
• It also gives citizens easy access to tangible benefits, be it
through simple applications such as online form filling, bill
sourcing and payments, or complex applications like distance
education and tele-medicine.
• E-governance approach will leverage the power of IT to
streamline administrative functions and increase
transparency.
 Political Processes
• IT has a vital role to play in all transactions that the
government undertakes.
• It helps the government avoid corruption, and reach citizens
directly.
• E-governance initiative will help citizens learn about the
various policies, processes and help-lines that the
government offers.
• The governments of Singapore, Canada and Switzerland have
implemented such portals, and set the benchmarks in this
regard.
• With the help of IT, the government can process citizen to
government transactions such as the filing of tax returns,
death and birth registration, land records, etc.
 Political Processes
• A strong technology infrastructure can help central and state
governments deliver a comprehensive set of services to
citizens.
• Agriculture, power and education are fields where the
government makes use of IT to provide services to citizens.
• The revenue collection department is in the process of using
information technology for applications such as income tax.
• Some notable examples:
– A Kolkata-based hospital leverages e-governance for tropical
medicine. The hospital employs tele-medicine to assist doctors
in rural areas as they analyse and treat panchayat residents.
This method does away with patients having to travel all the
way to Kolkata for treatment.
 Political Processes
– Patients feel better being examined in their own village. Using
tele-medicine, the hospital is able to dispense its expertise to
far-flung districts.
– The patient goes for an examination to the local doctor in the
panchayat. This doctor is in contact via a voice & data
connection with a doctor at the hospital for tropical medicine.
– Thus, the panchayat resident gets the benefit of being treated
by both a local doctor and a hospital specialist.
• The Karnataka government’s ‘Bhoomi’ project has led to the
computerization of the centuries-old system of handwritten
rural land records.
– Through it, the revenue department has done away with the
corruption-ridden system that involved bribing village
accountants to procure land records; records of right, tenancy
and cultivation certificates (RTCs).
 Political Processes
– The project is expected to benefit seventy lakh villagers in 30,000
villages.
– A farmer can walk into the nearest taluk office and ask for a
computer printout of his land record certificate for Rs 15.
– He can also check details of land records on a touch-screen kiosk by
inserting a two-rupee coin.
– These kiosks, installed at the taluk office, will provide the public with
a convenient interface to the land records centre.

• In Gujarat there are websites where citizens log on and get access
to the concerned government department on issues such as land,
water and taxes.

• In Hyderabad, through e-Seva, citizens can view and pay bills for
water, electricity and telephones, besides municipal taxes.
 Political Processes
• They can also avail of birth / death registration certificates,
passport applications, permits / licenses, transport
department services, reservations, Internet and B2C services,
among other things.
• eChaupal, ITC's unique web-based initiative, offers farmers
the information, products and services they need to enhance
productivity, improve farm-gate price realization, and cut
transaction costs.
• Farmers can access the latest local and global information on
weather, scientific farming practices, as well as market prices
at the village itself through this web portal-all in Hindi.
• eChoupal also facilitates the supply of high quality farm
inputs as well as the purchase of commodities at the farm.
 Political Processes
• The national e-governance plan (2003-07) reflects the
strategic intent of the central government in the right
perspective.
• Many projects are earmarked under this plan, and it is trying
to address the digital divide.
• The political systems are keener to use IT to disseminate
information faster to farmers, disburse loans, improve
education and the health systems in villages, etc.
• There is a clear-cut incentive to do it as 60 percent of the
vote-bank still lives in rural India.
• E-governance should be supported by the will and resources
of those who are in governance, be it at the central or state
level.
 Political Processes
• The Central government has analyzed and appreciated the
concept by creating a separate e-governance department
headed by a secretary to trigger e-governance in India.
• The World Bank, ADB and UN have been approached, and in
response they are generously funding e-governance projects.
• In future, education, agriculture, state wide area networks
(SWANs) and Community Information Centre projects will be
rolled out backed by a strong public private participation
model (PPP) to achieve long-term sustainability.
• The government benefits from reduced duplication of work.
• In addition, the processes of data collection, analysis and
audit are simplified, and become less tedious.
 E-Commerce
• Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or
ecommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or
services over electronic systems such as the Internet and
other computer networks.
• The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown
dramatically since the spread of the Internet.
• A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way,
spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds
transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing,
online transaction processing, electronic data interchange
(EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data
collection systems.
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 E-Commerce
• Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide
Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle,
although it can encompass a wider range of technologies
such as e-mail as well.
• e-Commerce is buying things from the internet but many
people are unsure about its reliability as there are many un-
reputed vendors.
• The meaning of "electronic commerce" has changed over the
last 30 years.
• Originally, "electronic commerce" meant the facilitation of
commercial transactions electronically, using technology such
as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds
Transfer (EFT).
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 E-Commerce
• These were both introduced in the late 1970s, allowing
businesses to send commercial documents like purchase
orders or invoices electronically.
• The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller
machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were
also forms of e-commerce.
• From the 1990s onwards, e-commerce would additionally
include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data
mining and data warehousing.
• E-commerce is a way of doing real-time business transactions
via telecommunications networks, when the customer and
the merchant are in different geographical places.
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 E-Commerce
• Organizations must define and execute a strategy to be
successful in e-commerce

TYPES:
• Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce: customers deal
directly with the organization, avoiding any intermediaries

• Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce: participants are

organizations

• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce: participants are

individuals, with one serving as the buyer and the other as
the seller
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 Multistage Model for E-commerce
• Search and identification

• Selection and negotiation

• Purchasing products and services electronically

• Product and service delivery

• After-sales service

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Multistage Model for E-Commerce (B2B
and B2C)

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 E-Commerce Challenges
• Define an effective e-commerce model and strategy

• Need to change distribution systems and work processes

• Integrate Web-based order processing with traditional

systems

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3 Basic Components of a Successful E-
Commerce Model

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Web-Based Order Processing Must Be Linked to
Traditional Back-End Systems

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 The E-Commerce Supply Chain

• Supply chain management is a key value chain composed of:

– Demand planning

– Supply planning

– Demand fulfillment

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Supply Chain Management

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 The E-Commerce Supply Chain
(continued)
• E-commerce supply chain management allows
businesses an opportunity to achieve:

– Increased revenues and decreased costs

– Improved customer satisfaction

– Inventory reduction across the supply chain

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 Business-to-Business (B2B) E-
Commerce
• Allows manufacturers to buy at a low cost worldwide

• Enterprises can sell to a global market

• Offers great promise for developing countries

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 Business-to-Consumer (B2C) E-
Commerce
• Convenience

• Many goods and services are cheaper when purchased

via the Web

• Comparison shopping

• Disintermediation: Elimination of intermediate

organizations between the producer and the consumer

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 Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) E-
Commerce
• Often done through Web auction sites such as eBay

• Growth of C2C is responsible for reducing the use of the

classified pages of newspapers to advertise and sell
personal items

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 Global E-Commerce
• Localization: adapting an existing U.S.-centric Web site to
another language and culture
• Steps involved in localization
– Supporting basic trade laws such as those covering each
country’s currency, payment preferences, taxes, and tariffs
– Ensuring that technological capabilities match local
connection speeds

• Determine which global markets make the most sense for

selling products or services online

• Decide whether Web content should be generated or updated

centrally or locally 37
 Mobile Commerce
• Mobile commerce (m-commerce) relies on the use of
wireless devices, such as personal digital assistants, cell
phones, and smart phones, to place orders and conduct
business

• Issues confronting m-commerce

– User-friendliness of the wireless device

– Network speed

– Security
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 Technology Needed for Mobile
Commerce
• Handheld devices used for m-commerce have limitations
that complicate their use

• Wireless application protocol (WAP): a standard set of

specifications for Internet applications that run on
handheld, wireless devices

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 E-Commerce Applications: Retail and
Wholesale
• Electronic retailing (e-tailing): the direct sale from
business to consumer through electronic storefronts,
typically designed around an electronic catalog and
shopping cart model

• Cybermall: a single Web site that offers many products

and services at one Internet location

• Manufacturing, repair, and operations (MRO) goods and

services

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 Manufacturing
• The 1990s transformed the use of IT in manufacturing.

• At the start of the decade, IT was struggling to move a

beyond a basic beachhead of core applications: sales order
processing, finance, stock control, warehouse management
and some basic production scheduling – often using in-house
developed software or heavily customized packages.

• Yet at the end of the decade, many larger companies had

ditched their bespoke solutions in favor of a new breed of
packages – business-wide so-called ‘enterprise resource
planning’ (ERP) systems from vendors such as Baan, SAP,
Oracle and PeopleSoft.
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 Manufacturing
• Not only did these systems automate whole new swathes of
business activity within companies – human resource
management and purchasing, for example – but they also
came ready equipped with figurative ‘switches and levers’
enabling business to take a standard package and configure
it to meet its own requirements without the need to
customize the actual software.

• Today, so endemic have these systems become that many

people aren’t even aware of the original meaning of the
acronym ‘ERP’.

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 Manufacturing
• Yet ERP systems also acquired something of a reputation – a
reputation that has tended to stick.
• Buy an ERP system, many companies came to realize, and
what you were signing up for was a lengthy and costly
implementation programme, often involving expensive
consultants, and a financial payback that could prove all too
elusive.
• Famously – or should that be infamously? – analyst firm
META Group calculated that the average ERP
implementation took 23 months to complete, had a total
cost of ownership of $15 million, and rewarded the business
with a negative net present value of $1.5 million. That’s
right: an ROI that was negative, not positive.
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 Manufacturing
• A graphical example on a manufacturing process:
– Manufacturers as diverse as Whirlpool Corporation, fine china
manufacturer Royal Doulton and America’s Hershey Foods
Corporation – famous for its candy bars – all saw tumbling
stock prices as a result of troubled system implementations
that disrupted production lines, warehouses and supply chains.

– But should manufacturers continue to be wary of new IT

systems – especially small and mid-sized manufacturing
businesses, companies that escaped being caught by ERP
salesmen at the height of the ERP boom, but which now find
themselves with legacy systems that are past their prime?

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 Manufacturing
• There’s good news – and even better news. For one thing,
not only are today’s ERP systems cheaper and quicker to
implement, but a new generation of implementation
methodologies has evolved to ensure that tomorrow’s large
scale IT projects don’t acquire the notoriety of their
predecessors.
• Lumped together under the term ‘IT governance’, the idea is
to manage IT projects better, get fewer unpleasant surprises,
and ensure that the resulting ROI stays very firmly in positive
territory.
• Better still, it might not even be necessary to go the whole
hog in terms of acquiring one.

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 Manufacturing
• In other words, for a manufacturer determined to stick with
a 15-year-old IT system that has become perfectly adapted
to the needs of the business, the answer might lie in
surrounding it with newer niche systems to achieve specific
pieces of high- ROI functionality – e-commerce, or customer
relationship management, for example – rather than
wholesale replacement.
• A wholesale change might be a better option – but, crucially,
it isn’t necessarily essential.
• An important factor to bear in mind, is the ‘mind set’ of the
smaller or mid-sized business – which, are far more likely to
operate in ‘break/fix mode’ in respect to IT investments than
are larger companies.
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 Manufacturing
• Smaller companies are far more likely to regard IT as an asset
which must be fully utilized and not discarded before its time
– but are also far less likely to have a senior IT executive in
place to help determine when that time has come, he says.
• Whereas larger businesses will have an IT executive on the
main board, smaller companies have an ‘IT manager’ who
may be two or three levels down, and be far less likely to be
able to take a strategic view.
• Two areas worth looking at, are process integration – both
across the organization, and with sub-contractors, suppliers,
and customers – and extending the value chain outside the
organization, through the use of tools such as e-
procurement.
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 Manufacturing
• These aren’t simply tactical areas of improvement, aimed at
cost reduction or inventory elimination, but possess a
significant strategic dimension too.
• As companies strive to respond to increases in demand
through process excellence and technology enhancements
rather than simply adding production capacity – which would
depress their return on capital when the next economic
downturn occurs – common global processes and associated
IT solutions are becoming key enablers across the extended
supply chain.
• Coupled to today’s quicker-to-implement systems, the
results from focusing on such areas can be impressive.

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 Manufacturing
• Most obviously, to run the new wave of ‘manufacturing
intelligence’ applications coming from vendors such as
Wonderware, Activplant, Parsec Automation and Iconics.
• By hooking up devices to report key machinery
characteristics like run rate, units per hour, and time and
duration of stoppage, manufacturers can home in on what is
really going on, on their factory floors. Real-time information
to drive overall equipment effectiveness (OEE)
improvements, in other words, archived and made available
for analysis.
• Better still, the ROI from such applications is usually very
high: the applications themselves are relatively inexpensive,
the Windows-Windows interfacing is simple – and the
bottom line benefit is extra productive capacity. 49
 Manufacturing
• To raise profitability and improve customer service,
many manufacturers move their supply chain operations
onto the Internet

• Electronic exchange: an electronic forum where

manufacturers, suppliers, and competitors buy and sell
goods, trade market information, and run back-office
operations

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 Model of an
Electronic Exchange

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 Putting up a Web Site
• Web site hosting companies: companies that provide
the tools and services required to set up a Web page and
conduct e-commerce within a matter of days and with
little up-front cost

• Storefront broker: companies that act as middlemen

between your Web site and online merchants that have
the products and retail expertise

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 Building Traffic to Your Web Site
• Obtain and register a domain name
• Make your site search-engine-friendly
– Meta tag: a special HTML tag, not visible on the
displayed Web page, that contains keywords
representing your site’s content, which search
engines use to build indexes pointing to your Web site
• Web site traffic data analysis software

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 Maintaining and Improving Your Web
Site
• Be alert to new trends and developments in e-commerce

• Be prepared to take advantage of new opportunities

• Personalization: the process of tailoring Web pages to

specifically target individual consumers

– Explicit

– Implicit

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 EDUCATION AND TRAINING
• As technological advances are introduced in education, the
promise and potential of IT in enhancing learning is
attractive, but the lack of initiative has hampered its
progress.
• Educational institutions are getting smarter. Technology is
changing the way faculties teach and students learn.
• It enables one to spend less time setting up learning
frameworks and more time on actual learning.
• Investing in technology has become an imperative in
imparting complete education and spreading literacy.
 EDUCATION AND TRAINING
The Cause of Literacy
• IT is seen as a critical component of the educational
experience, creating opportunities for students. Many
software companies are developing educational software to
facilitate teaching.
• Tata Consultancy Services has devised technological support
to accelerate the efforts of the National Literacy Mission to
spread literacy through the Computer-Based Functional
Literacy (CBFL) programme.
• CBFL relies on the cognitive capabilities of individuals to
associate complex visual patterns representing words in
Indian scripts with their meanings as well as phonetic
utterances.
 EDUCATION AND TRAINING
• The Centre for Rural Systems and Development, an NGO, has
been running a literacy campaign using CBFL in a village
called Inamagaram (Sholavaram) in Tamil Nadu for two years
now.
• Women who participate in this adult literacy programme are
part of a self-help group working for their empowerment.
The literacy levels among them are close to zero.
• According to the group facilitator, Suguna, “The women here
can’t even travel because they cannot read the bus route
numbers. I wanted the women to be independent at least in
trivial matters such as these.” Suguna, who herself is only a
10th pass, is determined to make this campaign a success.
 EDUCATION AND TRAINING
IT Helps the Deaf & Blind
• Computers are used not just for routine teaching, but are
also put to use in innovative ways, as in the case of the Helen
Keller Institute for the Deaf and Deaf-Blind (HKIDB).
• The educational curriculum at HKIDB aims to develop a
student’s literary and academic skills, including reading and
writing, cognitive skills (reasoning, attention to tasks,
memory, retention, cause and effect), motor skills (hand-eye
co-ordination), perceptual skills, orientation and mobility. So
far, these skills were taught the old-fashioned way using
books or charts in Braille. Today, computers have become an
important part of the educational process at the institute.
 EDUCATION AND TRAINING
• Software with attractive visual and auditory features is used
to encourage low vision or hearing-impaired children to work
on their residual vision and hearing—larger fonts (type sizes)
enable children suffering from low vision to read
comfortably.
• A section of HKIDB is pioneering the Computerized Mini
Braille Press project, set up in January 2002.
• Here, the deaf and deaf-blind are trained to use computers
and undertake computer-related programming and
designing.
• This computer training unit-cum-mini Braille press produces
a variety of materials to suit the needs of the deaf-blind,
blind and low vision or hearing-impaired individuals.
 EDUCATION AND TRAINING
• The deaf students are trained in graphic design to produce
tactile graphic educational material. The blind that are
proficient in Braille help in proofreading.
• A newsletter, Deaf-blindness in Asia - A Communication Link
is composed and published by the Braille Press, and is
circulated among all centers for the deaf-blind in Asia,
Europe and other parts of the world.
• A software called JAWS (Jobs Accessing With Speech)
enables the blind (who have normal hearing) to use
computers by listening to the audio interactions; it is also
essential for synthesizing text or commands on screen into
Braille, which then appear on the electronic Braille display
board.
 EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Technology as an Aid to Learning
• This is the issue at the heart of institutional and personal
decisions related to the adoption of technology-infused
teaching and learning.
• Few would argue that an understanding of computers is
necessary in today’s workplace.
• Employees are required to do inventive thinking, have digital
literacy, communicate effectively, and work in teams.
Acquisition of these skills can be facilitated by technology.
 EDUCATION AND TRAINING
• The institute uses simulation games from Harvard (such as
Marstat and MarkOps) to teach students the concepts of
marketing strategy and operations.
• Through these games students put their knowledge into
practice and learn; they are not just learning theory.
• Technology, particularly the Internet, is a tool well-suited for
learning. Although our understanding of how we learn has
advanced tremendously, the impact of technology on
learning is still lagging.
• Many institutes are not using computers for anything
beyond routine administration. Even when computing is
taught as a subject at primary levels, the courseware rarely
ventures beyond BASIC and the Binary System.
 EDUCATION AND TRAINING
• Technology has great potential to enhance student
achievement and teacher learning, but only if sufficient
attention is paid to its importance and benefits.
• Many of the top schools consider IT infrastructure spending
as an expense rather than an investment. Some are oblivious
to the advantages that IT can bring to a school.
• Only a thorough understanding and an open attitude will
help.
 Training status by job category
• Managers

• Customer service Reps

• Production personnel

• Supervisors

• Sales Reps
 Sources of Training
• Combination Training

• External Training

• In- house Training

• Instructional Methods
 Training needs Assessment
• Identifying Training Needs

• Converting Training Needs to Training Objectives

 Evaluating training
• Evaluating training begins with a clear statement of
purpose. With a statement of purpose drafted, the
next step is to ask the following questions:

 Was the training valid?

 Did the employees learn?
 Has the training made a difference?
 Principles of learning
• People learn best when they are ready to learn
• People learn more easily when what they are learning can be
related to some thing they already know
• People learn best in step by step manner
• People learn by doing
• The more often people use what they are learning, the better
they will remember and understand it.
• Success in learning tends to stimulate additional learning
• People need immediate and continual feedback to know if
they have learned
 Four-step teaching method
• Preparation

• Presentation

• Application

• Evaluation
 MANAGERS AS TRAINEES
• Managers prefers training sessions that enroll only managers

• Managers are uncomfortable being trained by subordinates

• Managers prefer to be trained by well-known outsiders

• Managers enjoy learning of the experiences of other

managers from well-managed companies

• Managers prefer off-site training

• Managers enjoy visiting companies that have reputations for

excellence
 Work force literacy
• Basic skill requirements are being increased by technological
advances and the need to compete in international market
place

• Broader definition of literacy go beyond just reading and

writing to include speaking listening and mathematics

• Old views of what constitutes literacy no longer apply

 Impact of illiteracy on industry
• Difficult in filling high skill jobs

• Lower levels of productivity and as a result a lower level of

competitiveness

• Higher level waste

• Higher potential for damage to sophisticated technological

systems

• Greater number of dissatisfied employees in workplace

 Improving learning
• Learn to make a schedule and stick to it

• Have a special place to study

• Listen and take notes

• Read assertively

• Study regularly instead of cramming

 Quality training curriculum
• Quality planning training

• Quality control training

• Quality improvement training

 Quality planning training
• Strategic management for quality

• Quality policies and their deployment

• Quality planning road map

• How to identify customers

• Product design

• Planning for process control

• Transfer to operations
 Quality Control training
• The feedback loop in quality control

• Controllability

• Planning for control

• How to evaluate performance

• Decision making

• Corrective action

• Quality assurance audits

 Quality improvement training
• Cost of poor quality: how to estimate it

• Project-by-project concept

• Estimating return on investment

• Nominating, screening and selecting projects

• Infrastructure for quality improvement

• Progress review

• Using recognition and reward to motivate

• Quality improvement tools and techniques

 E-learning
• Understand that one of the strengths of e-learning is
scalability
• Don’t try to provide e-learning opportunities without
support
• Blend e-learning and classroom instruction
• Design student assessment of online learning
• Don’t force employees to make a quick switch from class
instruction to online instruction
• It is a tool not a strategy
• Note: E-learning is catching on but slowly
 Entertainment: Now & Then
Meaád Murad

“It’s funny how things change in few hours or

less. Looking back few years back I saw many
empty places that are filled today with so
many different things.
No wonder we face problems with our parents
and the older generation when we try to
explain something…. It’s because their lives
were so different from ours”.
 Entertainment: Now
BOYS
They were mostly interested in:
• Football
• Basketball
• Watching TV
• Chatting and browsing the net.
• Bowling & Pool
• Car Racing
 Entertainment: Now
BOYS were mostly interested in:
Sayed Taher Ali Ibrahim Ahmed Isa

Video Games

Hassan A.Hussain Hussain Ismael

Football

Browsing the net

 Entertainment: Now
GIRLS were mostly interested in:
Aysha Khalid
• Shopping specially in malls
• Chatting on the net. Eman A.Ali

• Cinemas & Coffee shops

Fareeba Asqar
• Sports & Car Racing
Asmaa A.Wadood

Hana Mohammed
 Entertainment: Now
GIRLS were mostly interested in:
Marwa Matter
Shopping Amal Jameel
specially in malls
Chatting on the
Fatima Murad Mariam Janeed
net.
Cinemas &
Fatima A.Ameer Coffee shops
Sports & Car Marwa A.Aziz
Racing
Fatima Al Ghatam
Haya Nabeel

Meaád Murad Shereen A.Rahman

 Entertainment: Then
Meaád
Murad

“I asked my Grandma once about what she used to do in her free time when she
was my age. She laughed and told me that when she was my age she didn’t have
any free time since she was married and with two kids to take care of.”

“In our opinion, our parents enjoyed their times more than us.”

Khadija &
Alaá
 Entertainment: Then
They had to make do with what they had around them which
made them more creative in their ways.
 What is Bioinformatics?

Mathematics and Computer

Statistics Science

Biology
 Bioinformatics and Medical Applications
• Bioinformatics and computational biology involve the use of
techniques including applied mathematics, informatics,
statistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, chemistry,
and biochemistry to solve biological problems usually on the
molecular level.
• Research in computational biology often overlaps with
systems biology.
• Major research efforts in the field include sequence
alignment, gene finding, genome assembly, protein
structure alignment, protein structure prediction, prediction
of gene expression and protein-protein interactions, and the
modeling of evolution.
87
 Bioinformatics and Medical Applications

• The terms bioinformatics and computational biology are

often used interchangeably.
• However bioinformatics more properly refers to the creation
and advancement of algorithms, computational and
statistical techniques, and theory to solve formal and
practical problems arising from the management and
analysis of biological data.
• Computational biology, on the other hand, refers to
hypothesis-driven investigation of a specific biological
problem using computers, carried out with experimental or
simulated data, with the primary goal of discovery and the
advancement of biological knowledge.
88
 Bioinformatics and Medical Applications
• Put more simply, bioinformatics is concerned with the
information while computational biology is concerned with
the hypotheses.
• A similar distinction is made by National Institutes of Health
in their working definitions of Bioinformatics and
Computational Biology, where it is further emphasized that
there is a tight coupling of developments and knowledge
between the more hypothesis-driven research in
computational biology and technique-driven research in
bioinformatics.
• Bioinformatics is also often specified as an applied subfield
of the more general discipline of Biomedical informatics.

89
 Bioinformatics and Medical Applications
• A common thread in projects in bioinformatics and
computational biology is the use of mathematical tools to
extract useful information from data produced by high-
throughput biological techniques such as genome
sequencing.
• A representative problem in bioinformatics is the assembly
of high-quality genome sequences from fragmentary
"shotgun" DNA sequencing.
• Other common problems include the study of gene
regulation to perform expression profiling using data from
microarrays or mass spectrometry.
• Health informatics or medical informatics is the intersection
of information science, computer science and health care.
90
 Bioinformatics and Medical Applications

• It deals with the resources, devices and methods required to

optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval and use of
information in health and biomedicine.
• Health informatics tools include not only computers but also
clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and
information and communication systems.

91
Areas of current and future development
of Bioinformatics
• Molecular biology and genetics
• Phylogenetic and evolutionary sciences
• Different aspects of biotechnology including pharmaceutical
& microbiological industries
• Medicine
• Agriculture
• Eco-management
 Why Bioinformatics?

• Exponential growth of investments

•Constant deficit of trained professionals

• Diversification of bioinformatics applications

• Need in different types of bioinformaticians

 Brief history of bioinformatics:
Databases
• The first biological database - Protein Identification Resource
was established in 1972 by Margaret Dayhoff
• Dayhoff and co-workers organized the proteins into families
and superfamilies based on degree of sequence similarity
• Idea of sequence alignment was introduced as well as special
tables that reflected the frequency of changes observed in the
sequences of a group of closely related proteins
• Currently there are several huge Protein Banks : SwissProt, PIR
International, etc.
• The first DNA database was established in 1979. Currently
there are several powerful databases: GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ,
etc.
 Brief history of bioinformatics: other
important steps
• Development of sequence retrieval methods (1970-80s)
• Development of principles of sequence alignment (1980s)
• Prediction of RNA secondary structure (1980s)
• Prediction of protein secondary structure and 3D (1980-90s)
• The FASTA and BLAST methods for DB search (1980-90s)
• Prediction of genes (1990s)
• Studies of complete genome sequences (late 1990s –2000s)
 Expectations of Students’ Performance
• Basic understanding of general principles of molecular biology
• Some mathematical and computer science background
• Focus on using computational methods and understanding
general ideas of analysis used in bioinformatics
• Formal description of algorithms and complex methodology
will not be the core elements of this unit
• The core requirement is understanding of foundations of
bioinformatics and “hands on” approach
 USE OF IT IN AGRICULTURE
 We believe that, particularly in the case of agriculture, there is a
great potential to benefit from IT .

 the framework for an IT-based agricultural information

dissemination system is proposed. By exploiting progress in IT.

 It can be rightly stated that though Information Technology in

the agriculture is in growing stage in the Indian context

 IT will be one of the most important areas in the near future for
agricultural development
PASSIVE USE OF I.T IN AGRICULTURE
DISTRIBUTION OF DATA
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PR0DUCTS
 Farmers’ crop database must be managed.

 Crops information service system should be created.

 Production techniques and information inquiry system should

be created.

 Production equipment’s inquiry service system should be

created.
 ACTIVE USE OF I.T. IN AGRICULTURE
1. SEEDS DEVELOPMENT
 Remote management of grain storage facility for high quality of agricultural
products
 Remote environmental monitoring system via the Internet
 Real-time monitoring and analysis of temperature variation in the storage
facility
 Collection and distribution of crop growth stage information and pest
information using GPS (Global Positioning System)
2. SOIL DEVELOPMENT
 Technology is dramatically increasing the amount of land each farmer can
work effectively.
 Using the GPS vocational device and sensors in the field, farmers can
harvest, along with their crops, detailed digital maps of their fields.
 Precise application reduces waste and improves yield
3.WEATHER FORCASTING