Ch: 6 DOORS AND WINDOWS

• Doors: Frames , shutters and their fixing details

• Windows and ventilators: types and their fixing details
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 DOORS
• A door may be defined as an open able barrier
secured in a wall opening to give an access to the
inside of a room of building.
• It serves as a connecting link between the various
internal portion of building.
• Consists of:-
 Door frame
 Door shutter
• Door shutter is held in position by the door frame
which is in turn is fixed in the opening of walls
by means of hold-fasts.
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 WINDOWS
• A window may be defined as a vented barrier
secured in a wall opening to admit light and air
to the building and to give a view to the
outside.
• Consists of:-
 Frame
 Shutter
• Shutter is held in position by the window frame
which is in turn is fixed in the opening of walls
by means of hold-fasts.
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 LOCATION OF DOORS AND WINDOWS
• The number of doors in a room should be kept minimum to reduce
obstruction.
• The door should not be located in the center of the length of wall. It
should be located near the corner of room about 20 cm away from the
corner(for frame structure) Then what for Masonry ??
• If there are two doors in a room they should be placed in opposite
walls facing each other so as to provide good ventilation and free air
circulation in the room.
• Size and number of windows should be decided on different factors
such as distribution of light, control of ventilation and free air
circulation in the rooms.
• A window should be located in opposite wall facing a door or another
window, so that cross ventilation is achieved.
• From the point of view of fresh air, a window should be located on the
northern side of a room or in the prevalent direction of wind.
• Sill of a window should be located about 70-80cm about floor level4 .
DOOR

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 TECHNICAL TERMS
• Door:-

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 TECHNICAL TERMS
• Window:-

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 TECHNICAL TERMS
• Frame:-It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members
forming an enclosure to which shutter are fixed.
• Shutter:- Openable part of door or window which consists of
styles, panels and rails.
• Head:- Uppermost horizontal part of the frame.
• Sill:- Lowermost horizontal part of the window frame.
• Horn:- Horizontal projection of the head and sill of a frame to
facilitate the fixing of frame on the wall opening. Length of
horn is about 10 to 15cm.
• Style:- It is the vertical outside member of the shutter.
• Top Rail:- Topmost horizontal member of the shutter.
• Lock Rail:- Middle horizontal member of the door shutter to
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which locking arrangement is fixed.
 TECHNICAL TERMS

• Bottom Rail:- Lowermost horizontal member of the shutter.

• Intermediate or Cross Rail:- These are additional horizontal rails, fixed
between top and bottom rails of the shutter. A rail fixed between top rail and
lock rail is called Frieze Rail.
• Panel:- This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
• Mullion:- Vertical member of the frame which is employed to subdivide a
door of window vertically.
• Transom:- horizontal member of the frame which is employed to
subdivide a windows opening horizontally

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 TECHNICAL TERMS
• Hold Fast:- These are mild steel flats (section 30mm*6mm)
generally bent into Z shape, to fix or hold the frame to the
opening. The horizontal length of hold fast is kept about 20cm
and is embedded in masonry.
• Jamb:- Vertical face of door or window opening which
supports frame.
• Rebate:- It is the depression made inside the door frame to
receive the door shutter.

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 SIZE OF DOORS
• Height of door should not be less than 1.8m to 2m.
• Width of door should be such that two person can pass through
it walking shoulder to shoulder.
• Common width-height relation:-
 Width = 0.4 to 0.6 height
 Height =(width +1.2)m.
• Doors of residential buildings
I. External doors:- (1.0m*2m) to (1.1m*2m)
II. Internal doors:- (0.9m*2m) to (1m*2m)
III. Doors of bathroom and water closets:- (0.7m*2m) to (0.8m*2m)
IV. Garage for cars:- (2.25m*2.25m) to (2.4m*2.25m)
• Public buildings such as school ,hospital, libraries etc.
I. 1.2m*2.0m
II. 1.2m * 2.1m
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III. 1.2m*2.25m
 Method of fixing
 Before fixing the door frame, all the portions of the frame
which are likely to come in contact with masonry are
painted with coal tar mixed with aldrex ( anti-termite
solution) or with any approved wood primer.
 The holdfast attached to the frame are well embedded in
masonry with concrete around the holdfasts.
 In case the frame is to be fixed later, wooden pegs or plugs
are embedded in the masonry, with their ends flushing with
the face of the opening. The door is later screwed to these
pegs through galvanized iron wood screws.

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 TYPES OF DOORS
• Battened door
• Panelled door
• Glazed door
• Flush door
• Sliding door
• Revolving door
• Collapsible door
• Rolling shutter door
• Swing door

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 BATTENED DOOR
• This door consists of series of battens of appropriate size firmly fixed with
tongue and groove joint with ledge.
• The numbers of ledges are normally three.
• They may or may not be secured with brace.
• The battens may be 100 to 150mm wide and 16 to 32mm thick depending on
the size of the opening and door frame. Ledges are also wide from 100 to
180mm and thickness varies from 25 to 32 mm.
• Braces has a width of 125-175mm and 25-30 mm thick.

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BATTENED DOOR

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 PANELLED DOOR

• This type of door is made with different panels separated by the frame.
• Normally it is made up of timber. The panels may be of different shapes
and size.
• The frame of the shutter consists of horizontal rails and vertical style.
• The panels are fixed in between these members.
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• Widely used in all types of buildings.
 GLAZED/SASH DOOR

 This type of door is similar to the construction of panel door except the
panels are made of glass.
 These glass panels are fixed in the frame. Normally the frame is made
up of timber.
 This type of door is provided in both residential and public building
where additional lighting and visibility from one room to adjacent room
is required.

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 FLUSH DOOR

• This type of door has a framed skeleton and it is covered on both sides
with laminated boards or plywood giving a perfectly flush and joint less
surface.
• They are becoming popular these days because of their pleasing
appearance, simplicity of construction, less cost, better strength and
greater durability.
• These door consists of solid or semi solid skeleton(frame) or core
covered on both sides with plywood, face veneers etc.

fig:- Flush door fig:- face veneers

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 FLUSH DOOR
They are of two types:-
I. Solid core flush door or laminated core flush door
II. Hollow and cellular core flush door.

• Solid core flush door consists of wooden frame consisting of styles and
top and bottom rails. The core consists of either of core strip of timber
glued together under great pressure and faced on each side by plywood
sheets or black board , particle board or its combination.
• In the laminated core the wooden strips of maximum width 25mm glued
together .
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• Such doors are strong but heavy and require more material.
 FLUSH DOOR

• A hollow core flush door consists of frame made up of

styles, top rail, bottom rail and minimum two intermediate
rails, each of minimum 75mm width. The inner space of the
frame is provided with equally spaced battens each of
minimum 25mm width, such that area of voids is limited to
500sq.cm
• A cellular core flush door consists of frame of styles, top
rail and bottom rail each of a minimum of 75mm width with
the void space filled with equidistance battens of wood or
plywood.

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 SLIDING DOOR

• In this type of door, the shutter can slides on the side –ways
with the help of runner and guide rails.
• Depending upon the space available the door may have
single, double or more shutters.
• The door do not cause obstruction on movement.
• Suitable for shops, garage etc.
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 SWING DOOR

• It has double action spring hinge, so that shutter can move

both inward or outward as desired.
• Used mostly in commercial buildings.
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 REVOLVING DOOR

 In this type of door, there exists a central pivot and it may

be fixed on the top and the bottom. There are generally two
or four leaves radially attached that revolve in the pivot. It
has a entrance on one side and exit on the other side thus
keeping the door automatically closed when not in use.
 Used in places where frequent opening and closing of door
is to be avoided such as libraries, museums, banks etc. 23
 COLLAPSIBLE DOOR

• They are made of light steel section mostly channels.

• They roll in small channels fixed at top and bottom within
small roller.
• It consists of vertical double channel each 16-20 mm in
width and spaced at 10-12 cm apart.
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 ROLLING SHUTTER DOOR

• This is the door made with the interlocking steel sheets

coiled upon a drum at the top of the opening.
• The door travels on the steel guides mounted at the side.
• These are commonly used for show room, stores, shops
front, go down etc.
• They may be manually operated for smaller opening up to
10m2 and above 10m2 they may be operated
manually/motorized. 25
 LOUVERED DOOR

 Louvered doors permits free ventilation through them and at

the same time maintain the privacy of the room.
 These doors harbor dust which is very difficult to be
cleaned.
 Generally used for latrines

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 WINDOWS

• Window is the opening in the building.

• The main purpose of the window is to provide natural light and also to
facilitate ventilation in the building.

The selection of size, shape, location and number of windows in a room

depends upon the following factors:
• Size of the room
• Location of the room
• Utility of the room
• Direction of the wind
• Climatic conditions such as humidity, temperature etc.
• Requirements of exterior view
• Architectural treatment to the exterior of the building

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 WINDOWS
• Based on the above factors the following thumb rules are in use:
• Breadth of window=1/8 ( width of room + height of room)
• The total area of window – openings should normally vary from
10 to 20% of the floor area of the room, depending upon the
climatic conditions.
• In public buildings, the minimum area of windows should be
20% of floor area.
• The area of window-opening should be at least one square meter
for every 30 to 40 cubic meter of inside content of the room.
• For sufficient natural light, the area of glazed panels should at
least be 8 to 10% of the floor area.

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 TYPES OF WINDOW
 FIXED WINDOW
 PIVOTED WINDOW
 DOUBLE HUNGED WINDOWS
 SLIDING WINDOWS
 CASEMENT WINDOWS
 SASH/GLAZED WINDOW
 LOUVERED WINDOW
 BAY WINDOW
 CORNER WINDOW
 DORMER WINDOW
 GABLE WINDOW
 SKYLIGHTS

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 FIXED WINDOW

 These windows are provide for the purpose of admitting

light in the room.
 It consists of window frame on which shutter are fixed.
 The shutters are full glazed.

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 PIVOTED WINDOW
 In this type of window shutters are allowed to swing around
pivots fixed to the window frame.
 The shutter can swing or rotate either horizontally or
vertically.

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 DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW

 This type of windows consists of frame and pair of shutter, arranged one
above another, which can slide vertically within the grooves provide in
the window frame.
 On double hung windows, both sashes in the window frame are
operable or move up and down.
 On single hung windows, the top sash is fixed in place and does not
move, but the bottom sash is operable.
 Double-hung windows are best used for window openings where the 32
height is greater than the width.
 SLIDING WINDOW

 Sliding windows are best used for window openings where

the width is greater than the height.
 They are typically found in rooms that need maximum
ventilation, where an unobstructed view is desired.
 The shutter move either horizontally or vertically on small
roller bearings or on the grooves. 33
 CASEMENT WINDOW

 These are the main or common types of windows provided

in building.
 The shutters of the windows open like shutters of the doors.
 The window has a frame and shutter and the shutter
consists of styles, rails and panels.

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 SASH/GLAZED WINDOW

 A sash window is a type of casement window in which

panels are fully glazed.

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 LOUVERED WINDOW

 Such windows are provided for the purpose of ventilation

and they do not permit any outside vision.
 Frame is grooved to receive the series of louvers. Louvers
may be of glass or wood or any other material.
 Economical angle of inclination is 45 degree.
 Widely used in bathrooms, workshops, railway
compartments etc. 36
 BAYWINDOW

 Bay windows project outside the external wall of the room.

 The projection may be triangular, circular, rectangular or
polygonal.
 Wide and decoratively impressive allow for 180 degree
view.
 They provide an increase area of opening for admitting
greater light and air.
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 CORNER WINDOW

 This is the special type of window provide in the corner of

the room.
 This window has two faces in two perpendicular directions
due to which light and air is admitted from both directions.
 They improves the elevation of the building.
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 The jamb/post at the corner is made of heavy section.
 DORMER AND GABLE WINDOW

 A dormer window is a vertical window provided on the

sloping roof which provide ventilation and light to the
enclosed space below the roof.
 A gable window is vertical window provided at the gable
end of a pitched roof.

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 LANTERN WINDOW

 Such windows are provided over the flat roofs to provide

more light and air to the inner room of the building.
 The window project above the roof level.

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 SKYLIGHTS WINDOW

 A skylight is provide on sloping roof to admit light.

 These are fixed windows on sloping roof.
 It can deliver warmth in winter and cooling in summer
minimizing the need of fuel based heating and air
conditioning.
 Skylights may be plastic or glass, fixed or open able and
made in any number of size and styles 41
 PROCESS OF FIXING

• Fixing of door and window frames in openings may be done

simultaneously at the time of wall construction or later on after
completing masonry work in wall.
• Holdfasts of required numbers are nailed before setting frame to
position.
• Frame is carried to position and set with the help of ropes and
poles.
• Frame is than put to plumb (frame should be perfectly vertical).
• Once the frame is set and leveled, the holdfasts are fixed in wall
cement concrete etc.
• Final checking of plumb is done, if required corrections are
applied.

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 VENTILATORS

 Ventilators are small windows, fixed at greater

height than the window generally about 30-50cm
below roof level.
 The ventilators has a frame, shutter and generally
glazed which is horizontally pivoted.
 They are used to:-
 Remove unpleasant smell and moisture.
 Introduce outside air.
 Improve air circulation. 43