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Dip Unit 3

Unit 3 of the Digital Image Processing syllabus focuses on image restoration techniques aimed at recovering degraded images using a priori knowledge of degradation. It covers various noise models, filtering methods including mean filters, order statistics, adaptive filters, and different types of band filters. The unit emphasizes the importance of understanding noise characteristics and their impact on image quality during acquisition and transmission.

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23 views23 pages

Dip Unit 3

Unit 3 of the Digital Image Processing syllabus focuses on image restoration techniques aimed at recovering degraded images using a priori knowledge of degradation. It covers various noise models, filtering methods including mean filters, order statistics, adaptive filters, and different types of band filters. The unit emphasizes the importance of understanding noise characteristics and their impact on image quality during acquisition and transmission.

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THIRUNEELAKANDAN
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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21CSE251T – Digital

Image Processing
UNIT – 3
II B. Tech – CSE (Specialization Branches)
SRM IST, Ramapuram
Unit – III : Syllabus
• Introduction to Image Restoration
• Degradation model, Properties,
• Noise models

• Mean Filters
• Order Statistics
• Adaptive filters
• Band reject Filters
• Band pass Filters
• Notch Filters
• Optimum Notch Filtering
• Inverse Filtering
• Wiener filtering
Introduction to Image
Restoration
• Restoration attempts to recover an image that has been degraded by
using a priori knowledge of the degradation phenomenon.
• Thus, restoration techniques are oriented toward modeling the
degradation and applying the inverse process in order to recover the
original image.
• Image restoration is a process used to recover an original image from a
degraded version.
• The goal is to reduce noise, blur, and distortions that occur due to
different factors like motion blur, sensor noise, or transmission errors.
• Note:
• Fraktur capital H (ℋ), often used to denote mathematical operators or spaces,
such as Hilbert spaces
Introduction to Image
Restoration
• Images degrade due to various reasons, including poor
lighting, lens defects, motion or sensor limitations.
• The degradation process is mathematically represented

g(x,y)= ℋ {f(x,y)}+η(x,y)
as:

ℋ = Degradation function (like blurring)


• f(x,y) = Original image
•
• η(x,y) = Noise
• g(x,y) = Observed degraded image
NOISE MODELS
• The principal sources of noise in digital images arise during image acquisition and/or
transmission.
• The performance of imaging sensors is affected by a variety of environmental factors
during image acquisition, and by the quality of the sensing elements themselves.
• For instance, in acquiring images with a CCD camera, light levels and sensor
temperature are major factors affecting the amount of noise in the resulting image.
• Images are corrupted during transmission principally by interference in the
transmission channel.
• For example, an image transmitted using a wireless network might be corrupted by
lightning or other atmospheric disturbance.
SPATIAL AND FREQUENCY PROPERTIES OF
NOISE
• Frequency properties refer to the frequency content of
noise in the Fourier (frequency) domain.
• For example, when the Fourier spectrum of noise is
constant, the noise is called white noise. This
terminology is a carryover from the physical properties
of white light, which contains all frequencies in the
visible spectrum in equal proportions.
• With the exception of spatially periodic noise, we
assume in this chapter that noise is independent of
spatial coordinates and that it is uncorrelated with
respect to the image itself (that is, there is no
correlation between pixel values and the values of noise
SOME IMPORTANT NOISE PROBABILITY
DENSITY FUNCTIONS
• We shall be concerned with the statistical behavior of
the intensity values in the noise component of the
model.
• These may be considered random variables,
characterized by a probability density function (PDF).
• The following are among the most common noise PDFs
found in image processing applications.
NOISE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS
NOISE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS
NOISE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS
NOISE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS
NOISE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS
NOISE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS
NOISE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS
ORDER-STATISTIC FILTERS
• Order-statistic filters are spatial filters whose response is based on ordering (ranking) the values
of the pixels contained in the neighborhood encompassed by the filter.
• The ranking result determines the response of the filter.
• Median Filter
• The best-known order-statistic filter in image processing is the median filter, which, as its name
implies, replaces the value of a pixel by the median of the intensity levels in a predefined
neighborhood of that pixel:

• where, as before, Sxy is a sub image (neighborhood) centered on point (x, y). The value of the pixel at (x, y) is
included in the computation of the median.
• Median filters are quite popular because, for certain types of random noise, they provide
excellent noise-reduction capabilities, with considerably less blurring than linear smoothing
filters of similar size.
• Median filters are particularly effective in the presence of both bipolar and unipolar impulse
noise.
ADAPTIVE FILTERS
• Once selected, the filters discussed thus far are applied to an image
without regard for how image characteristics vary from one point to
another.
• In this section, we take a look at two adaptive filters whose behavior
changes based on statistical characteristics of the image inside the filter
region defined by the m × n rectangular neighborhood Sxy.
• As the following discussion shows, adaptive filters are capable of
performance superior to that of the filters discussed thus far.
• The price paid for improved filtering power is an increase in filter
complexity.
• Keep in mind that we still are dealing with the case in which the
degraded image is equal to the original image plus noise.
• No other types of degradations are being considered yet.

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