INTRODUCTION TO

ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
Drawing

Describing any object/ information

diagrammatically

Engineering Drawing

Graphical means of expression of

technical details without the barrier of a
language.
Universal language for engineers
Diagrams/sketches/pictures – communication skills
• We grasp information easily if it is illustrated with
diagrams, sketches, pictures, etc.

LCA - the world's smallest, light weight, multi-role

supersonic combat aircraft of the world
It would just be impossible to
communicate all necessary details about
the LCA verbally or in writing – Illustration
(picture/drawing) is useful.

• A picture/drawing is worth a thousand

words..

• The LCA would be impossible to create

without computer graphics and drawing
models.
•Drawings are the road maps which show
Impossible to describe the
details of the building
Difficult to describe the details of the machine
Engineering Drawing is important for
all branches of engineering.
Graphical representation of an object –
Drawing
• Engineering drawing – A drawing of an
object that contains all information
-like actual shape, accurate
size,manufacturing methods, etc.,
required for its construction.

-No construction/manufacturing of any (man -

made) engineering objects is possible without
engineering drawing.
What will you learn in this course?
You will learn - How industry communicates technical
information.
• Visualization – the ability to mentally control visual
information.
• Graphics theory – geometry and projection
techniques.
• Standards – set of rules that govern how parts are
made and technical drawings are represented.
• Conventions – commonly accepted practices and
methods used for technical drawings.
• Tools – devices used to create technical drawings and
models.
Engineering drawing is completely
different from artistic drawing, which
are used to express aesthetic,
philosophical, and abstract ideas.

D = 20 mm
Drawing instruments are used to prepare drawings
easily and accurately. The accuracy of the drawings
depends largely on the quality of instruments. Items
required for drawing are as follows:
Drawing board
Drawing sheet
Mini-drafter/drafting machine/ T- sqaure
Instrument box containing compass, divider, etc.
Scales, Roller Scale
Protractor
French curves
Drawing pencils
Eraser, Sharpener
Drawing clip/pin/adhesive tape
Drawing
Board

Drawing board is rectangular in shape

and is made of strips of well-seasoned
soft wood about 25 mm thick.
Drawing board must be placed on the
table with working edge always to be at
the left side.
 Mini-drafter

– The uses and advantages of the T-square, set-squares,

scales and the protractor are combined in the drafting
machine. Its one end is clamped by means of a screw,
to the distant longer edge of the drawing board.
Mini-drafter fixed on drawing board
 Clamping mini drafter

Set the protractor

head with reference
mark indexing zero
degree.
Fix the clamp of the
mini-drafter at the top
left corner either
along the top
horizontal edge of the
board or along the left
vertical edge of the
board.
….contd
 Clamping mini drafter….. contd

•Place the drawing sheet underneath the

scales of the mini-drafter,
•Fix the drawing sheet to the drawing board
with the scales of the mini-drafter aligned
either with the vertical or the horizontal
borderlines of the drawing sheet.
T-Square

A T-square is made up of hard-quality

wood. It consists of two parts - the stock
and the blade - joined together at right
angles to each other by means of screws
and pins. It is use for drawing horizontal
line, vertical line, inclined line and parallel
Set Squares

The set-squares are made of wood, tin,

celluloid or plastic. Those made of
transparent celluloid or plastic are
commonly used as they retain their shape
and accuracy for a longer time. Two forms of
set-squares are in general use. It is used
for drawing horizontal line, vertical line and
parallel lines.
Scales

Scales are made of wood, steel, celluloid or

plastic or card board. Stainless-steel scales are
more durable. Scales may be flat or of
triangular cross-section. 15 cm long and 2 cm
wide or 30 cm long and 3 cm wide flat scales
are in common use. It is used to measure a
given line or to set up a line with given
Roller Scales

It consists of graduated roller, scale of 16 cm

and protector. It is ideal for drawing vertical
lines, horizontal lines, parallel lines, angles
and circles.
French curves

French curves are made of wood, plastic or

celluloid. They are made in various shapes.
French curves are used for drawing curves
which cannot be drawn with a compass. are
should be taken to see that no corner is
formed anywhere within the drawn curve.
Protractor

Protractor is made of wood, tin or celluloid.

Protractors of transparent celluloid are in
common use. They are flat and circular or
semi-circular in shape. The commonest type
of protractor is semi-circular and of about 100
mm diameter.
The protractor is used to draw or
measure such angles as cannot be drawn with
the set-squares. A circle can be divided into
Drawing Instrument Box

The drawing instrument box contains the

following as mentioned earlier:
(1) Large-size compass with interchangeable
pencil and pen legs (2) Lengthening bar (5)
Small bow divider (3) Small bow compass (6)
Small bow ink-pen
(4) Large-size divider (7) Inking pen. .
Drawing Pins,Clips, Adhesive Tapes,
Sand Paper Block, Duster
Drawing Sheet
Drawing papers are
available in many
varieties. For ordinary
pencil-drawings, the paper
selected should be
tough and strong. It
should be uniform in
thickness and as white as
possible.

Surface area of A0 size is

one square metre.
Successive format sizes
(from A0 to A5) are
obtained by halving along
Standard sizes of drawing sheets as per BIS
Layout of drawing sheets
This includes:
1.Sheet size 2. Margin 3. Border lines 4. Borders and frames
5. Orientation mark 6. Grid reference system 7. Title block 8.
Scale and Scale Drawing
Title box – An important feature – a must in every
drawing sheet – for technical and administrative
details

• Location - Bottom right corner – 160 mm x 60 mm

• Divided into two zones
• Identification zone
• Registration or identification number
• Drawing title
• Name of the legal owner of the drawing, i.e., name
of the firm or the company
Contd…
 Title box…..
contd
Additional information zone
• Indicative items –symbol indicating the system of
projection, main scale of drawing, etc.
• Technical items – method of indicating surface
texture, geometric tolerances, etc.
• Administrative items
Lay out of a drawing sheet
Layout of the title box to be adopted in this
course
Drawing Pencils
The accuracy and appearance of a drawing depend very largely
on the quality of the pencils used. With cheap and low-quality
pencils, it is very difficult to draw lines of uniform shade and
thickness.
Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and
letters
• 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and
blackness
• HB to F – Medium grade
• H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.

Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with

H
and HB pencils – to be practiced in this course.
Great care should be taken in mending the pencil
and sharpening the lead, as the uniformity in
thickness of lines depends largely on this. The lead
may be
sharpened to two different forms:
(i) Conical point and
(ii) Chisel edge.
The conical point is used in sketch work and for
lettering etc. With the chisel edge, long thin lines of
uniform thickness can be easily drawn and hence, it is
suitable for drawing work.
Pencil drawing –
In finished drawing, all lines (except construction
lines- used to construct the drawing) should be dense,
clean and uniform.
Construction line should be drawn very thin and
should be hardly visible in the finished drawing ( they
should not be erased).
Line types
Line types….CONTD
Uses of different types of lines in a given drawing
Examples of good and poor drawing techniques
for
Lettering – Writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions,
scales and other details on a drawing
• Essential features of lettering – legibility,
uniformity, ease, rapidity, and suitability for
microfilming/ photocopying/any other photographic
processes
• No ornamental and embellishing style of letter
Plain letters and numerals which are clearly
distinguishable from each other in order to avoid any
confusion even in case of slight mutilations
Lettering – BIS: 9609
• Single stroke lettering for use in engineering
drawing – width of the stem of the letters and
numerals will be uniformly thick equal to
thickness of lines produced by the tip of the
pencil.
• The word single-stroke should not be
taken to mean that the letter should be
made in one stroke without lifting the
pencil.
It actually means that the thickness of the line of
the letter should be such as is obtained in one
stroke of the pencil.
Lettering types
• Lettering A – Height of the capital letter is divided
into 14 equal parts
• Lettering B – Height of the capital letter is divided
into 10 equal parts
Specifications of A -Type Lettering
Specifications of B -Type Lettering
The main titles are generally written in 6 mm to 8
mm size, sub-titles in 3 mm to 6 mm size, while
notes, dimension figures etc. in 3 mm to 5 mm
size. The drawing number in the title block is
written in numerals of 10 mm to 12 mm size.
Fig. 3-4 shows single-stroke vertical capital letters
and figures with approximate proportions.
Units of Measure
International systems of units (SI) – which is based
on the meter.
Millimeter (mm) - The common SI unit of measure on
engineering drawing.
Individual identification of linear units is not required
if all dimensions on a drawing are in the same unit
(mm).
The drawing shall however contain a note:
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM. (Bottom left
corner outside the title box)
Dimensioning
Every drawing, whether a scale drawing or a
freehand drawing, besides showing the true shape
of an object, must supply its exact length, breadth,
height, sizes and positions of holes, grooves etc. and
such other details relating to the manufacture of
that object.
Providing this information on a drawing is called
dimensioning. Lines, figures, numerals, symbols,
notes etc. are used for this purpose.

F = Functional
L = Location or
Datum
Dimension
Dimensioning Term and Notation
This includes the following terms:
1. Dimension line 2. Extension line 3. Arrow head
4. Leader line
Placing of Dimension:
The two systems of placing a dimension are:
1.Aligned system and 2. Unidirectional system
 General rules for dimensioning
(1) Dimensioning should be done so completely that
further calculation or assumption of any dimension, or
direct measurement from the drawing is not necessary.
(2) Every dimension must be given, but none should be
given more than once.
(3) A dimension should be placed on the view where its
use is shown more clearly.
(4) Dimensions should be placed outside the views,
unless they are clearer and more easily read inside.
(5) Mutual crossing of dimension lines and
dimensioning between hidden lines should be avoided.
Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the
drawing.
(6) An outline or a centre line should never be used as
a dimension line. A centre line may be extended to
serve as an extension line.
Thank you