Chapter 1

Array & Structure

This Chapter Covers

 Homogeneous and heterogeneous data

types
 Difference between Arrays and Structure
 Declaring, accessing and processing arrays
 Multidimensional arrays
 User Defined Data Types (UDT)
 Working with array and structure in user-
defined functions
What is Array
● A collection of identical data objects, which are stored in
consecutive memory locations under a common heading
or a variable name.
● An array is a group or a table of values referred to by the
same name.
● The individual values in array are called elements.
● Array elements are also variables.
● Set of values of the same type, which have a single name
followed by an index.
● In C++, square brackets appear around the index right
after the name
● A block of memory representing a collection of many
simple data variables stored in a separate array element,
and the computer stores all the elements of an array
consecutively in memory.
Properties of arrays:
● Arrays are zero-bounded;  index of the first element is 0 and the last
element is N-1, where N is the size of the array.
Ex array[0], array[1],…array[N-1]
● It is illegal to refer to an element outside of the array bounds.
● Array can only hold values of one type
Array declaration
● Declaring the name, type and setting the number of elements in an
array is called dimensioning the array.
● The array must be declared before one uses.
● In the array declaration one must define:

○ type of the array (i.e. integer, floating point, char etc.)

○ Name of the array (identifier)
○ number of elements in the array (total number of
memory locations to be allocated or the maximum value of
General syntax: dataTypename arrayname
[array_size];
● expression array size must be a constant
such as 10 or a symbolic constant declared
before the array declaration, or
● a constant expression such as 10*sizeof (int),
for which the values are known at the time
compilation takes place.
● Note: array size cannot be a variable whose
value is set while the program is running.
● Ex. to declare an integer with size of 10
having a name of num is: int num [10];
Initializing Arrays
● Declaring an array of local scope (within a
function) will not initialize, so its content is
undetermined.
● Declaring a global array (outside any function) 
initialize all elements to zero.
● Ex. Global array declaration: int day [5];
● every element of day will be set initially to
0:
● But additionally, when we declare an Array, we
have the possibility to assign initial values to
each one of its elements using curly brackets
{}.
● For example:
int day [5] = { 16, 2, 77, 40, 12071 };

● Number of elements within { } must be equal

or less than the length of elements within [ ].
● Note: If we have less number of items for the
initialization, the rest will be filled with zero.
● C++ allows the possibility of leaving empty the
brackets [ ], where the number of items in the
initialization bracket will be counted to set the
size of the array.
int day [ ] = { 1, 2, 7, 4, 12,9 }; //size of
day set to 6
● You can use the initialization form only when
defining the array. You cannot use it later, and
cannot assign one array to another once. I.e.

int arr [ ] = {16, 2, 77, 40, 12071};

int ar [4];

ar[ ]={1,2,3,4};//not allowed

arr=ar;//not allowed
Accessing and processing array elements
● Any elements of array can be access individually for reading
or modifying (like variable).
● But, to access individual elements, index or subscript must be
used.
● The format is the following:
name [ index ] ;
● In c++ the first element has an index of 0 and the last
element has an index, which is one less the size of the array
(i.e. arraysize-1).
● Thus, day[0] is the first element and day[4] is the last
element.
● Following the previous examples where day had 5 elements,
we can use the following to refer to each element:
● Ex. To store the value 75 in the third element of
the array variable day???
day[2] = 75; //as the third element is
found at index 2
● Ex. To pass value of the third element of the
array day to the variable a:
a = day[2]; // is like any variable of
type int
● Thus, an array enables us to create a lot of
variables of the same type with a single
declaration .
● If we write day [5], we would be accecing to the
sixth element of day and therefore exceeding the
size of the array. This might give you either error
or unexpected value.
The uses of square brackets [ ] in arrays:
○ One is to set the size of arrays during declaration
○ The other is to specify indices for a specific array element when
accessing the elements of the array
● We must take care of not confusing these two possible uses
of brackets [ ] with arrays:
Eg: int day[5];//declaration of a new Array
day[2] = 75; // access to an element of the Array
● Other valid operations with arrays in accessing and
assigning:
int a=1;
day[0]=a;
day[a]=5;
int b= day [a+2];
day [day [a] ] = day [2] + 5;
● Eg: Arrays example, display the sum of the numbers in
the array
#include <iostream>
…
int day [ ] = {16, 2, 77, 40, 12071};
int n, result=0;
void main ()
{
for ( n=0 ; n<5 ; n++ )
{
result += day[n];
}
cout << result;
}
Arrays as Parameters
● At some moment we may need to pass an array to a
function as a parameter.
● In order to admit arrays as parameters the only thing
that we must do when declaring the function is to
specify in the argument the base type for the array
that it contains, an identifier and a pair of void brackets
[] . For example, the following function:
void procedure (int arg[ ])
● admits a parameter of type "Array of int " called arg .
In order to pass to this function an array declared as:
int myarray [40];
● it would be enough with a call like this:
procedure (myarray);
Here you have a complete example:
// arrays as parameters
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void printarray (int arg[], int length)
{
for (int n=0; n<length; n++) void main ()
cout << arg[n] << " "; {
cout << "\n"; int firstarray[] = {5, 10, 15};
}
int secondarray[] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10};
void mult(int arg[], int length)
{
printarray (firstarray,3);
for (int n=0; n<length; n++) printarray (secondarray,5);
arg[n]=2*arg[n]; mult(firstarray,3);
} cout<<”first array after being doubled is\
n”;
printarray (firstarray,3);
getch()
}
● As you can see, the first argument (int arg[] )
admits any array of type int , whatever its length is,
for that reason we have included a second parameter
that informs the function the length of each array
that we pass to it as the first parameter so that the
for loop that prints out the array can have the
information about the size we are interested about.
● The function mult doubles the value of each element
and the firstarray is passed to it.
● After that the display function is called.
● The output is modified showing that arrays are
passed by reference.
● To pass an array by value, pass each element to the
function
String of Characters: What is String?
● What type of variables used so far???… numerical variables??
int, float,… char
● What if you need to represent successive characters, like
words, sentences, names, texts, etc.
● Until now we have only used them as constants, but not
variables able to contain them.
● In C++ there is no specific elementary variable type to store
string of characters.
● In order to fulfill this feature we can use arrays of type char,
which are successions of char elements.
● char is the one used to store a single character, for that reason
arrays of them are generally used to make strings of single
characters.
● For example, the following array (or string of characters) can
store a string up to 20 characters long.
char name [20];
● The maximum size of 20 characters is not
required to be always fully used.
● For example, name could store at some
moment in a program either the string of
characters "Hello" or the string "studying C+
+”.
● Therefore, since the array of characters can
store shorter strings than its total length, there
has been reached a convention to end the
valid content of a string with a null character,
whose constant can be written as '\0’.
•We could represent name (an array of 20 elements of type char)
storing the strings of characters "Hello" and "Studying C++" in the
following way:

H e l l 0 \0

S t u d y i n g C + + \0

•Notice how after the valid content it is included a

null character ('\0') in order to indicate the end of
string. The empty cells (elements) represent
indeterminate values.
Initialization of Strings
● Because strings of characters are ordinary arrays they
fulfill same rules as any array.
● For example, if we want to initialize with predetermined
values:
char mystring[ ] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o',
'\0' };
● string of characters have an additional way to initialize its
values: using constant strings.
○ specified enclosed between double quotes ( “ “ ), for example:
Eg: "the result is: "
● is a constant string that we have probably used in some
occasion.
● Unlike single quotes ( ' ) which allow to specify single
character constants, double quotes ( " ) are constants that
specify a succession of characters.
● These strings enclosed between double quotes have
● Therefore we could initialize the string mystring with
values by any of these two ways:
char mystring [ ] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0' };
char mystring [ ] = "Hello";
● In both cases the Array or string of characters mystring is
declared with a size of 6 characters (elements of type
char ): the 5 characters that compose Hello plus a final
null character ( '\0' ) which specifies the end of the string.
● Note that the assignation of multiple constants like double-
quoted constants ( " ) to arrays are only valid when
initializing the array, that is, at the moment when declared.
● The following expressions are not valid for arrays
mystring="Hello";
mystring[] = "Hello";
mystring = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0' };
● So remember: We can "assign" a multiple
constant to an Array only at the moment of
initializing it.
● An array is simply a constant pointer pointing to
an allocated block of memory. And because of
this constant feature, the array itself cannot be
assigned any value, but we can assign values to
each of the elements of the array.
● At the moment of initializing an Array it is a
special case, since it is not an assignation,
although the same equal sign ( = ) is used.
Assigning Values to Strings
● Array of character can store values using assignment
operators. But the following is not allowed.
mystring=”Hello”;
● This is allowed only during initialization. So, what
would be valid is to assign a string of characters to an
array of char using a method like this:
mystring[0] = 'H';
mystring[1] = 'e';
mystring[2] = 'l';
mystring[3] = 'l';
mystring[4] = 'o';
mystring[5] = '\0';
● But, this does not seem to be a very practical method.
● Generally for assigning values to an array
(specifically to a string of characters), a series
of functions like strcpy are used.
● strcpy ( str ing c o py ) is defined in the
( string.h ) library and can be called the
following way:
strcpy ( string1 , string2 );
● Thus, copy the content of string2 into string1s
● string2 can be either an array, a pointer, or a
constant string ,
● So, a valid way to assign the constant string
"Hello" to mystring :
strcpy (mystring, "Hello");
For example:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
int main ()
{
char MyName [20];
strcpy (MyName,"Abebe");
cout << MyName;
return 0;
}
// setting value to string

#include <iostream>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
void namecopy(char dest[], char source[]) {
{
clrscr();
int c = 0;
while(source[c] != ‘\0’) char name[10],de
{
dest[c] = source[c];
cout<< “\n enter
c++; name : ”;
} cin>>name;
dest[c] = ‘\0’;
cout<< “\n your name after copying : ”<<dest; namecopy(dest,n
}
getch();
}
● Another frequently used method to assign values to
an array is by using directly the input stream ( cin ).
● When cin is used with strings of characters it is
usually used with its getline method:
cin.getline ( char buffer [], int length , char delimiter =
' \n');
● Where
○ buffer is the address where to store the input (like an
array)
○ length is the maximum length of the buffer (the size
of the array) and
○ delimiter is the character used to determine the end
of the user input, (the default newline or '\n' ).
● Example on how to use cin.getline with strings:

// cin with strings

#include <iostream>
#include<conio.h>
int main ()
{
char mybuffer [100];
cout << "What's your name? ";
cin.getline (mybuffer,100);
cout << "Hello " << mybuffer << ".\n";
cout << "Which is your favourite team? ";
cin.getline (mybuffer,100);
cout << "I like " << mybuffer << " too.\n";
getch();
return 0;
}
● If you remember the section about
communication through console, you will
remember that we used the extraction
operator ( >> ) to receive data directly
from the standard input.
● This method can also be used instead of
cin.getline with strings of characters.
● For example, in our program, when we
requested an input from the user we
could have written: cin >>
mybuffer;
Limitation of cin>>buffer;
● receive single words (not complete sentences)
○ as delimiter any occurrence of a blank character,
including spaces, tabulators, newlines and
carriage returns.
● It is not allowed to specify a size for the buffer.
What makes your program unstable in case that
the user input is longer than the array that will
host it.
● For these reasons it is recommendable that
whenever you require strings of characters
coming from cin you use cin.getline instead of
cin >>
 Converting strings to other types
● String may contain representations of other data types like
numbers
● So it might be useful to translate that content to a variable of a
numeric type.
● Example - a string may contain "1977" , but this is a sequence of 4
chars not so easily convertible to a single integer data type.
● The cstdlib ( stdlib.h ) library provides three useful functions for
this purpose:
atoi: converts string to int type.
atol: converts string to long type.
atof: converts string to float type.
● All of these functions admit one parameter and return a value of
the requested type ( int , long or float ).
● These functions combined with getline method of cin are a more
reliable way to get the user input when requesting a number than
the classic cin>> method:
// cin and ato*
functions
#include <iostream> cout << "Enter price: ";
#include <stdlib.h> cin.getline (mybuffer,100);
price = atof (mybuffer);
#include<conio.h>
cout << "Enter quantity: ";
int main()
cin.getline (mybuffer,100);
{ clrscr(); quantity = atoi (mybuffer);
char mybuffer[100]; cout<<"\nafter conversion :\n";
float price; cout<<"\nprice is : "<<price;
int quantity; cout<<"\nquantity is :
"<<quantity;
cout << "\nTotal price: " <<
price*quantity;
getch();
return 0;
}
Header Files
ALLOC.H ASSERT.H BCD.H
BIOS.H COMPLEX.H
CONIO.H
CTYPE.H DIR.H
DIRENT.H
DOS.H ERRNO.H FCNTL.H
FLOAT.H FSTREAM.H
GENERIC.H
GRAPHICS.H IO.H
IOMANIP.H
IOSTREAM.H LIMITS.H
LOCALE.H
MALLOC.H MATH.H MEM.H
PROCESS.H SETJMP.H SHARE.H
SIGNAL.H STDARG.H
STDDEF.H
STDIO.H STDIOSTR.H
Functions to manipulate strings
● The cstring library ( string.h ) defines many functions to
perform some manipulation on strings.
a. String length
● Returns the length of a string, not including the null
character (\0).
strlen (const char* string );
b. String Concatenation:
● Appends src string at the end of dest string. Returns dest.
● Has two forms,
○ Appending the whole content of the source
strcat (char* dest , const char* src );
○ Appending part of the source
strncat (char* dest , const char* src, int size );
● Where size is the number of characters to be appended
c. String Copy:
● Overwrites the content of the dest string by
the src string. Returns dest.
● Has two forms,
○ Copy the whole content of the source
strcpy (char* dest , const char* src );
○ Appending part of the source
strncpy (char* dest , const char* src,
int size );

● Where size is the number characters to be

copied
d. String Compare:
● Compares the two string string1 and string2.
● Has two forms,

○ Compare the whole content of two strings

strcmp (const char* string1 , const char*
string2 );
○ Compare only part of two strings
strncmp (const char* string1 , const
char* string2, int size );
● Where size is the number characters to be
compaired
● The compare function returns three different
values:
Multidimensional Arrays

●It is arrays of arrays.

●Ex. a bi-dimensional array can be
imagined as a bi-dimensional table of a
uniform concrete data type

type multid_array_name[row_size][col_size];
●Matrix represents a bi-dimensional
array of 3 per 5 values of type int .
●The way to declare this array would be:
int matrix [3] [5] ;
●Ex. the way to reference the second
element vertically and fourth
horizontally would be:
matrix[1][3];
● Multidimensional arrays are not limited to two indices (two dimen).
● They can contain so many indices as needed, although it is rare to
have to represent more than 3 dimensions.
● How much amount of memory required???
char century [100][365][24][60][60];
● Assigns a char for each second contained in a century, that is
more than 3 billion chars ! What would consume is about 3000
megabytes of RAM memory if we could declare it?
● Multidimensional arrays are nothing else than an abstraction,
since we can simply obtain the same results with a simple array by
putting a factor between its indices:
int matrix [3][5]; is equivalent to
int matrix [15]; (3 * 5 = 15)
//multidimensional array
#include <iostream.h>
#define WIDTH 5
//one dimensional array
#define HEIGHT 3 #include <iostream.h>
int matrix [HEIGHT][WIDTH];
int n,m; int matrix [15];
int main ()
int n;
{
for (n=0;n<HEIGHT;n++) int main ()
for (m=0;m<WIDTH;m++) {
{ for (n=0;n<15;n++)
matrix [n][m]=(n+1)*(m+1);
} matrix [n]=(n+1);
return 0;
}
return 0;
}
• The above program assign values to the
memory block called matrix in the following way:

● In case that we decided to enlarge the array

to a height of 4 instead of 3 it would be:
#define HEIGHT 3

by the following code

#define HEIGHT 4
Structures
● A structure is a collection of one or more
variable types grouped together.
● Structure referred using a single name
(group name) and a member name.
● Structure can be refer as a single
variable, and
● You also can initialize, read and change
the parts of a structure (the individual
variables that make it up).
● Each element (called a member) in a
structure can be of different data type.
 struct [structure tag]
{
Member definition;
Member definition;
…
Member definition;
}[one or more structure variables];

//Example 1: //Example 2:
struct student
struct inventory{
{ char ID[8];
char FName[15]; char description[15];
char LName[15]; char part_no[6];
char Sex;
int quantity;
int age;
float cost;
float CGPA;
}; }; // all structures end with
semicolon
● The above “Student” structure is aimed to store
student record with all the relevant details.
● After the definition of the structure, one can declare
a structure variable using the structure tag .
● If we need two variables to have the above structure
property then the declaration would be:
inventory inv1,inv2; //or
student Stud1,stud2,Stud3;
● Structure tag is not a variable name.
● A structure tag is simply a label for the structure’s
format.
● The structure tag Inventory informs C++ that the tag
called Inventory looks like two character arrays
followed by one integer and one float variables.
● A structure tag is like programmer defined data type.
Referencing members of a structure
● To refer to the members of a structure use dot operator (.)
● The General syntax::
VarName.Member;
● Where VarName is the varaibale name of the structure variable and
Member is varaibale name of the members of the structure
Eg:- For the above student structure:
●

student Stud; //declaring Stud Student structure

strcpy(Stud.FName,”Abebe”); //assigned Abebe as First
Name
Stud.CGPA=3.21; //assignes 3.21 as CGPA value of Abebe
cout<<Stud.FName; //display the name
cout<<Stud.CGPA; // display the CGPA of Abebe
 Initializing Structure Data
● You can initialize members when you declare a structure,
or you can initialize a structure in the body of the program.
● Here is a complete program.

….
struct cd_collection
{
char title[25];
char artist[20];
int num_songs;
float price;
char date_purchased[9];
} cd1 = {"Red Moon","Sams and Sneeds", 12,11.95,"08/13/93"};
cout<<"\nhere is the info about cd1"<<endl;
cout<<cd1.title<<endl;
cout<<cd1.artist<<endl;
cout<<cd1.num_songs<<endl;
cout<<cd1.price<<endl;
cout<<cd1.date_purchased<<endl;
● A better approach to initialize structures is to
use the dot operator(.).
● the dot operator(.) is one way to initialize
individual members of a structure variable in
the body of your program.
● The syntax of the dot operator is :
structureVariableName.memberName;
here is an example:
#include<iostream> //initialize members here
.... strcpy(cd1.title,"Red Moon Men");
strcpy(cd1.artist,"Sams");
void main() cd1.num_songs= 12;
{ cd1.price = 11.95;
strcpy(cd1.date_purchased,"22/12/02");
struct cd_collection{ //print the data
char title[25]; cout<<"\nHere is the info"<<endl;
cout<<"Title : "<<cd1.title<<endl;
char artist[20]; cout<<"Artist : "<<cd1.artist<<endl;
int num_songs; cout<<"Songs :
"<<cd1.num_songs<<endl;
float price; cout<<"Price : "<<cd1.price<<endl;
char date_purchased[9]; cout<<"Date purchased :
"<<cd1.date_purchased;
}cd1;
}
Arrays of Structures
● Arrays of structures are good for storing a complete employee file,
inventory file, or any other set of data that fits in the structure format.
● Consider the following structure declaration:

struct Company
{
int employees;
int registers;
double sales;
}store[1000];

● Declare 1,000 store structures with the definition of the Company

structure, each one containing three members.
● NB. Be take care of resource limitation.(imagine RAM 64MB)
Array of structures can be
declared after the declaration
of the structure.
struct Company
{
void main()
int employees; {
int registers; struct Company store[1000];
/*the variable store is array of the
structure Company*/
double sales;
…
}; /*no structure }
variables defined yet*/

#include<iostream.h>
Referencing the array structure
● The dot operator (.) works the same way for structure
array element as it does for regular array.
● If the number of employees for the fifth store (store[4])
increased by three, you could update the structure
variable like this:
store[4].employees += 3;
● Unlike in the case of arrays, where the whole content of
an array could not be copied to another one using a
simple statement, in structures, you can assign complete
structures to one another by using array notation.
● To assign all the members of the 20th store to the 45th
store, you would do this:
store[44] = store[19];//copies all members from 20th
store to 45th
use of array of structures, and how to
pass and return structures
voidtodisp_menu(void);
struct inventory enter_data();
functions.
void see_data(inventory disk[125],int num_items);
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h> void main()
{ clrscr();
#include<stdio.h> inventory disk[125];
#include<iomanip.h> int ans;
int num_items = 0; //total number of items in the inventory
struct inventory
{ do{
long storage; do{
disp_menu();
int accesstime; cin>>ans;
char vendorcode; }while(ans<1 || ans>3);

float cost;
float price;
};
switch(ans)
{ case 1:
disk[num_items] =
enter_data();
num_items++;
break;
case 2:
see_data(disk,num_items);
break;
default :
break;
}
}while(ans != 3);
return;
}//end main
void disp_menu()
{ inventory enter_data()
cout<<"\n\n*** Disk Drive {
inventory disk_item;//local variable to fill with
Inventory System ***\n\n"; input
cout<<"Do you want to : \n\n"; cout<<"\n\nWhat is the next drive's storage in
cout<<"\t1. Enter new item in bytes? ";
inventory\n\n"; cin>>disk_item.storage;
cout<<"\nWhat is the drive's access time in
cout<<"\t2. See inventory data\ ms ? ";
n\n"; cin>>disk_item.accesstime;
cout<<"\t3. Exit the program\n\ cout<<"What is the drive's vendor code (A, B,
n"; C, or D)? ";
disk_item.vendorcode = getchar();
cout<<"What is your choice ? ";
cout<<"\nWhat is the drive's cost? ";
return; cin>>disk_item.cost;
} cout<<"\nWhat is the drive's price? ";
cin>>disk_item.price;
return (disk_item);
}
void see_data(inventory disk[125], int num_items)
{
int ctr;
cout<<"\n\nHere is the inventory listing:\n\n";
for(ctr=0;ctr<num_items;ctr++)
{
cout<<"Storage: "<<disk[ctr].storage<<"\n";
cout<<"Access time: "<<disk[ctr].accesstime<<endl;
cout<<"Vendor code: "<<disk[ctr].vendorcode<<"\
n";
cout<<"Cost : $ "<<disk[ctr].cost<<"\n";
cout<<"Price: $ "<<disk[ctr].price<<endl;
}
return;
}
Chapter End!