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Lecture 1 (Theory)

The document outlines the course 'Operating System Concepts' (CSC 2209) taught by Syeda Anika Tasnim, covering fundamental topics such as computer system components, the role of operating systems, and computer system organization. It explains the functions of operating systems, including resource allocation and management, and discusses concepts like interrupts and computer startup processes. The course references the book 'Operating Systems Concept' by Galvin and Silberschatz, 9th edition.

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5 views17 pages

Lecture 1 (Theory)

The document outlines the course 'Operating System Concepts' (CSC 2209) taught by Syeda Anika Tasnim, covering fundamental topics such as computer system components, the role of operating systems, and computer system organization. It explains the functions of operating systems, including resource allocation and management, and discusses concepts like interrupts and computer startup processes. The course references the book 'Operating Systems Concept' by Galvin and Silberschatz, 9th edition.

Uploaded by

Sumaiya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operating System Concepts

Course Code: CSC 2209 Course Title: Operating Systems

Dept. of Computer Science


Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 01 Week No: 01 Semester: Fall 20-21


Lecturer: Syeda Anika Tasnim
[email protected]
Lecture Outline

1. Computer System
2. Abstract View of Computer Components
3. What Operating Systems Do
4. Defining Operating Systems
5. Computer System Organization
6. Computer-System Operation
7. Interrupt
8. Computer Startup
9. Interrupt Handling
10. Interrupt-drive I/O Cycle
Computer System
 Computer system can be divided into four components:
 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and
users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system resources
are used to solve the computing problems of the users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers
Abstract View of Computer
Components
What Operating Systems Do
 Depends on the point of view

 Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance


 Don’t care about resource utilization

 But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must


keep all users happy
 Operating system is a resource allocator and control program making
efficient use of Hardware and managing execution of user programs

 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated


resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
What Operating Systems Do
(cont’d)

 Mobile devices like smartphones and tables are resource poor,


optimized for usability and battery life
 Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice recognition

 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as


embedded computers in devices and automobiles
 Run primarily without user intervention
Defining Operating Systems
 Term OS covers many roles
 Because of myriad designs and uses of OSes
 Present in toasters through ships, spacecraft, game
machines, TVs and industrial control systems
 Born when fixed use computers for military became
more general purpose and needed resource
management and program control
Operating System Definition
(cont’d)

 No universally accepted definition


 “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a good
approximation
 But varies wildly
 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel, part of the
operating system
 Everything else is either
 a system program (ships with the operating system, but not part of the kernel) , or
 an application program, all programs not associated with the operating system
 Today’s OSes for general purpose and mobile computing also include middleware – a
set of software frameworks that provide addition services to application developers
such as databases, multimedia, graphics
Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory
cycles
Computer-System Operation
 I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently
 Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
 Each device controller has a local buffer
 Each device controller type has an operating system device driver to manage
it
 CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
 I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
 Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by causing an
interrupt
Common Functions of Interrupts

 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine


generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines
 Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted
instruction
 A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused
either by an error or a user request
 An operating system is interrupt driven
Interrupt Timeline
Computer Startup
 bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
 Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as firmware
 Initializes all aspects of system
 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
Interrupt Handling
 The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing
registers and the program counter
 Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
 Polling interrupt (CPU keeps polling at regular intervals if a device
is ready)
 vectored interrupt (I/O device requests for attention)

 Separate segments of code determine what action should be


taken (for each type of interrupt)
Interrupt-drive I/O Cycle
Books
 Operating Systems Concept
 Written by Galvin and Silberschatz
 Edition: 9th
References
 Operating Systems Concept
 Written by Galvin and Silberschatz
 Edition: 9th

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