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Lecture 2 image processing

The document discusses image sensing and acquisition, focusing on radiometry, image formation, and the geometric transformations of images such as translation, rotation, and scaling. It explains the processes of sampling and quantization necessary for converting analog signals into digital images, highlighting the differences between uniform and nonuniform quantization. Additionally, it addresses the representation of digital images and poses several review questions related to the topics covered.

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Arnab Pahari
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

Lecture 2 image processing

The document discusses image sensing and acquisition, focusing on radiometry, image formation, and the geometric transformations of images such as translation, rotation, and scaling. It explains the processes of sampling and quantization necessary for converting analog signals into digital images, highlighting the differences between uniform and nonuniform quantization. Additionally, it addresses the representation of digital images and poses several review questions related to the topics covered.

Uploaded by

Arnab Pahari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Sensing and Acquisition

Radiometry
• It means the measurement of light. Pixel intensity in an image
depends on the amount of light reflected by the surface.
• So that’s why measurement of light is quite important and is called
radiometry.
A Simple Image Formation Model

Appropriately these are called the illumination and


reflectance components and are denoted by i(x,y) and
r(x,y) respectively.
The two functions combine as a product to form f(x,y).
The previous figure shows the energy from an illumination source
being reflected from a scene element.

• The first function performed by the imaging system is to collect the


incoming energy and focus it on to an image plane.
• If the illumination is light, the front end of the imaging system is an
optical lens that projects the viewed scene onto the lens focal plane.
• The sensor array, which is coincident with the focal plane, produces
outputs proportional to the integral of the light received at each sensor.
• The analog signal is then digitized by the imaging system and the final
output is a digital image.
Geometric Model- Basic
Transformation
• Translation
Translation refers to moving an object to a different position on the screen.
Or in other words, translation transformation moves a shape by a specified distance. If you translate
a rectangle by 30 pixels along the x-axis and 90 pixels along the y-axis, the new origin will be 30
pixels to the right and 90 pixels down from the original rectangle’s top-left corner.
Rotation - refers to rotating a point. Or in other words, rotation transformation rotates a shape by a
specified angle, expressed in degrees; 360 degrees correspond to a full rotation, and the shape appears
the same. A rotation by 180 degrees is equivalent to flipping the shape vertically and horizontally.

BEFORE ROTATION AFTER ROTATION


Scaling - Refers to zooming in and out an object on different scales across
axes. The scaling transformation changes the dimensions of a shape but not its
basic form. In the scaling process we either expand or compress the dimensions
of an object. Scaling can be achieved by multiplying the original coordinates
with the scaling factor to get the desired output.
Sampling and Quantization
The output of most of the image sensors is an analog signal, and
we can not apply digital processing on it because we can not store
it. We can not store it because it requires infinite memory to store
a signal that can have infinite values.
So we have to convert an analog signal into a digital signal.

To create an image which is digital, we need to covert continuous


data into digital form. There are two steps in which it is done.
• Sampling
• Quantization

To convert a continuous image f(x, y) into digital form, we have to


sample the function in both co-ordinates and amplitude.
The basic idea behind converting an analog signal to its digital signal is to
convert both of its axis(x,y) into a digital format.
Since an image is continuous not just in its co-ordinates, but also in its
amplitude, so the part that deals with the digitizing of co-ordinates is known as
sampling. And the part that deals with digitizing the amplitude is known as
quantization.

• The term sampling refers to take samples


• We digitize x axis in sampling
• It is done on independent variable

The key difference between uniform and nonuniform quantization is that uniform quantization
has equal step sizes while, in nonuniform quantization, the step sizes are not equal. Another
important difference between uniform and nonuniform quantization is that, in the uniform
quantization, some amount of quantization error can happen, but nonuniform quantization reduces
the quantization error.
Image Sampling and
Quantization
• Discretization: Process in which signals or data samples are
considered at regular intervals. It is the process of transferring
continuous functions, models, variables, and equations into discrete
counterparts. This process is usually carried out as a first step toward
making them suitable for numerical evaluation and implementation
on digital computers.
• Sampling: It is the discretization of image data in spatial coordinates.
(Digitizing the Coordinate value is called Sampling)
• Quantization: It is the discretization of image intensity (gray level)
values. (Digitizing the amplitude value is called Quantization)
Image Sampling and
Quantization
Image Sampling and
Quantization
• Figure (b) is a plot of amplitude values of the continuous image along the line segment
AB in fig (a).

• The random variations are due to image noise.

• Samples are shown as small white squares superimposed on the function. The set of
these discrete locations gives the sampled function.

• Then the intensity values are converted (quantized) into discrete quantities .
The continuous intensity levels are quantized by assigning one of the eight values to
each sample.

• By Repeating this process line by line from top of the image can generate a 2D digital
image.
Image Sampling and
Quantization
• Sampling: digitizing the 2-dimensional spatial coordinate values.
• Quantization: digitizing the amplitude values (brightness level)
• Accuracy in quantization is highly dependent on the noise content of the sampled signal
Result of sampling and quantization
Image before sampling and
quantization
Differences between Sampling and
Quantization
Sampling Quantization

Digitization of co-ordinate values. Digitization of amplitude values.

x-axis(time) – discretized. x-axis(time) – continuous.

y-axis(amplitude) – continuous. y-axis(amplitude) – discretized.

Sampling is done prior to the quantization process. Quantizatin is done after the sampling process.

It determines the spatial resolution of the digitized images. It determines the number of grey levels in the digitized
images.

A single amplitude value is selected from different values of Values representing the time intervals are rounded off to
the time interval to represent it. create a defined set of possible amplitude values.
Image Sampled w.r.t. ‘x’ and ‘y’
coordinates
• N – no. of samples along x axis (i.e. no. of columns in the matrix).
• M – no. of samples along y axis (i.e. no. of rows in the matrix).

• Usually, M & N are powers of 2

M = 2m and N = 2n

• The no. of gray level values, L, is also usually taken as power of 2


L = 2k

Question: What is the number of bits required to store a digitized image?


Image Sampled w.r.t. ‘x’ and ‘y’
coordinates
• Question: What is the number of bits required to store a digitized
image?
• Answer: b=M*N*k

• If M = N, then:
b = N2 * k
k-bit (An Image having 2k gray levels)2k gray levels

• An image having 256 gray levels is called a 8-bit image.


b = N2 * k
Representation of Digital
Images
Image Coordinate System
Review Questions
• Write short note on perspective projection.
• What do you mean by Sampling? Write down the differences between sampling and
quantization.
• What do you mean by quantization? Give one example.
• Differentiate between uniform and non-uniform quantization.
• What do you mean by image acquisition? Describe different types of sensors used for
Image Acquisition?
• Why is scaling and rotation used?
• How does image translation make changes to an image?
• What is the need of image transformation, list out the various transformation used in
image processing.
• How many bits are in a 512 x 512 image? Justify your answer.
• How many gray levels are there in a binary image?
THANK YOU

-Prepared by
Mrs. Jheelam Mondal
Asst. Prof, CSE department
Haldia Institute of Technology

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