PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Physical Quantity : Quantities that are used to define laws of physics.

Types of physical quantities based on direction:

1. Scalar

2. Vector
SCALAR QUANTITIES
• Can be described completely by only magnitude,

direction is not required

• Follows ordinary rules of algebra

• Example : mass, speed, distance, temperature etc. Note: Certain physical quantities such as
electric current, pressure, surface tension etc.
require direction to describe them completely
VECTOR QUANTITIES
but they are not vectors because they do not
• If a physical quantity in addition to magnitude- follow the laws of vector addition

(a) has a specified direction

(b) obeys the Vector algebra

• Example : Displacement, velocity, force etc.

VECTOR REPRESENTATION
Mathematical Representation Graphical Representation

P Q
 A vector quantity A is represented by or A
 Absolute value of
 Magnitude of vector

 Always positive
SHIFTING OF A VECTOR
Without Rotation
With Rotation
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS
• Angle between two vectors is the smaller of two angles when placed
tail to tail or head to head by shifting one of the vectors parallel to itself
𝟎 ° ≤ 𝜽 ≤𝟏𝟖𝟎 °

⃗
𝐁

⃗
𝐀
EXAMPLE
Q. Check angle between vectors

1) 𝒐
2) 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝒐
𝟏𝟐𝟎
EXAMPLE
Q. Check angle between vectors

3) 4)
𝒐
𝟑𝟎
𝒐
𝟒𝟓
EXAMPLE
Q. Check angle between vectors

(i) and ⃗
𝐀
(ii) and ⃗
𝑩
𝒐
𝟑𝟎

(iii) and ⃗
𝑪
KEY NOTES
1. If a vector is rotated by angle of , vector remains unchanged

2. If axes are rotated, vector remains unchanged

TYPES OF VECTORS
Parallel Vectors Anti-parallel Vectors
⃗
A ⃗
A
⃗
B ⃗
B

Equal Vectors Opposite or Negative Vectors

⃗
A ⃗
A
⃗
B ⃗
B
TYPES OF VECTORS
Co-linear Vectors
• Vectors which can lie along a line
• Can be parallel or anti-parallel
TYPES OF VECTORS
Co-initial and Co-terminal and Concurrent Vectors
⃗
𝐀
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
𝐃
𝐀 𝐀
⃗
𝐃 ⃗
𝐃
⃗
𝐁 ⃗
𝐁 ⃗
𝐁
⃗
𝐂 ⃗
𝐂

Co-initial Vectors Co-terminal Vectors ⃗

𝐂

Concurrent Vectors
TYPES OF VECTORS

Co-planar and Non Co-planar Vectors

z
EXAMPLE
Q. Select correct alternative

A. and are parallel

B. , and , are antiparallel

C. and are coinitial vectors

D. , , , are coplanar vectors

EXAMPLE
Q. State True or False

A.

B.

C.

D. Both vectors are coinitial

NULL VECTOR
Magnitude : ZERO
Direction : Undefined
UNIT VECTOR
• Unit vector is a vector in the direction of source vector and its magnitude is 1.
• Representation:
Q. For the given vector, draw its unit vector
• Vector = Magnitude Direction

•
⃗
𝑺=𝟏𝟎 𝒎

⃗
𝐀
^=
𝐀
⃗ 𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
¿ 𝐀 ∨¿= ¿
𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
BASE UNIT VECTORS +𝒚

−𝒛

−𝒙 +𝒙

+𝒛

−𝒚
POLAR VECTORS
Vectors which have a fixed initial point or point of application are called as polar vectors.
AXIAL VECTORS
Vectors which are along axis of rotation are known as Axial Vectors

e.g. Angular velocity, angular acceleration, angular momentum, torque etc.

Vector Algebra
MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR WITH SCALAR

𝑰𝒇 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝑰𝒇 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔
⃗
𝑰𝒇𝐕 =𝟐 𝒎/ 𝒔𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟑 ⃗
𝐕 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒆 :
⃗
𝑰𝒇𝐕 =𝟐 𝒎/ 𝒔𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 −𝟑 ⃗
𝐕 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒆 :

Note: Note:
whenever a vector is multiplied by a whenever a vector is multiplied by a
positive number then the new vector negative number then the new vector
has same direction and its magnitude has opposite direction and its magnitude
changes depending on the number. changes depending on the number.
EXAMPLE
Q. If angle between two vectors and is , then find the angle between
1) &
2) &
ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS

⃗
𝐀 + ¿

⃗
𝐁

𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒌? 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅

𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒐𝒇 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 ? 𝑨𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅
GRAPHICAL METHOD TRIANGLE
• Steps: LAW
1. Connect vectors in head to tail manner
by parallel shifting
2. Join free tail to free head to get the
resultant
3. Direction towards free head

⃗
𝐀
⃗ +⃗𝑩
𝐑=
⃗ 𝑨
⃗
𝐀

⃗
𝐁 ⃗
𝐁
GRAPHICAL METHOD
PARALLELOGRAM
• Steps: LAW
1. Connect vectors in tail to tail manner
by parallel shifting
2. Complete the parallelogram from
adjacent sides
3. Diagonal represents the resultant
starting from common point

⃗
𝐁
⃗
𝐀
⃗
𝐀 ⃗ +⃗𝑩
⃗
𝐑= 𝑨 ⃗
𝐀

⃗
𝐁 ⃗
𝐁
EXAMPLE
Q. Draw resultant of given pair of vectors by Triangle Law.

𝟏.¿

⃗
𝑩
⃗
𝑨

Q. Draw resultant of given pair of vectors by Parallelogram Law.

𝟐.¿
⃗
𝑨
⃗
𝑩
ANALYTICAL METHOD

⃗
𝐁
𝛉
𝐑
⃗
𝛉
⃗
𝐀
|⃗
𝑹|=√ 𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐 +𝟐 𝑨𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
SUMMARY

⃗
𝐁
𝛉
𝜷 𝐑
⃗
𝜶 𝛉
⃗
𝐀
|⃗
𝑹|=√ 𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐 +𝟐 𝑨𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶=
𝑨+ 𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷=
𝑩+ 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
EXAMPLE
Q. Find magnitude of resultant vector:

5N

𝟔𝟎°
5N
EXAMPLE
Q. If magnitude of resultant of 2N and 3N is 4N, find angle between 2N and 3N
 EXAMPLE
Q. Two vectors of magnitude 2N and 3N are at angle 60o, Find:

i) Magnitude of their resultant ii) Angle between resultant vector and 2N vector
EXAMPLE
Q. If and are 6, 8, 10 respectively, then find:
1. Angle between and
2. Angle between and
EXAMPLE
Q. . Find angle between and
EXAMPLE
Q. If and and angle between vectors is 60o, find value of .
EXAMPLE
Q. If resultant of and is perpendicular to , then find angle between and
EXAMPLE
Q. Find resultant of 3N and 4N and also find angle of resultant vector with x axis.

4N
3N

120 °
30 °
x axis
SPECIAL CASES |⃗𝑹|=√ 𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐 +𝟐 𝑨𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
(1) If two vectors are parallel (2) If two vectors are anti-parallel (3) If two vectors are perpendicular
⃗
𝐀
⃗
𝐀 ⃗
𝐀
⃗
𝐁 ⃗
𝐁 ⃗
𝐁
⃗
𝐀 ⃗
𝐁 ⃗ ⃗
𝐀 ⃗
𝐁
𝐁
⃗
𝐀
EXAMPLE
Q. What can be resultant of two vectors & of magnitude 3 N and 5 N

A B C D E F G
ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS OF EQUAL MAGNITUDE
( )
𝑹=𝟐 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ⁡
𝜽
𝟐
IF Then,
R
,

Where is angle between &

ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS OF EQUAL MAGNITUDE
Note 1: Resultant lies on the angle bisector of vectors Note 2: If angle between vectors is equal to 120o, then
magnitude of resultant is equal to magnitude of given
vectors
|𝐑⃗|=𝒂

+⃗
𝐀

=⃗
|𝐁
⃗|=𝒂 𝜽
𝐑
⃗ |𝐁
⃗|=𝒂
𝟐 𝟔𝟎 °
𝜽
𝟐 𝟔𝟎 °
|⃗
𝐀 |=𝒂 |⃗
𝐀 |=𝒂
POLYGON LAW
• To add more than two vectors
• Graphical method
• If some vectors are represented by sides of a polygon in same order, then their
resultant vector is represented by the closing side of polygon in the opposite order

⃗
D ⃗
D

⃗
C ⃗
B
⃗𝐑 =⃗𝐀 + ⃗𝐁+ ⃗𝐂+ ⃗𝐃 ⃗
C
⃗
B

⃗
A
⃗
A
POLYGON LAW
1. In a polygon, if all the vectors taken in same order are such that the head of the last vector coincides with the tail of
the first vector then their resultant is a null vector.

⃗
C
⃗
D ⃗
𝐀+⃗
𝐁+ ⃗
𝐂+ ⃗ ⃗
𝐃= 𝟎
⃗
B
⃗
A
2. Resultant of three coplanar vector can be zero, if they form three sides of a triangle in same order.

⃗
𝐀+⃗
𝐁+ ⃗
𝐂=⃗
𝟎
⃗
B
⃗
A or

¿ 𝐀 − 𝐁∨≤ 𝐂 ≤∨ 𝐀 + 𝐁∨¿
⃗
C
POLYGON LAW
3. If n coplanar vectors of equal magnitude are at equal angular separation , then their resultant is always ZERO

Note: 3 coplanar vectors having equal magnitude, placed at 120 o angle have zero resultant.
EXAMPLE
Q. Which of the following groups can give zero resultant(Equilibrium)
EXAMPLE
𝐎𝐀 +⃗
Q. For the given regular hexagon with center at O, find: ⃗ 𝐎𝐃 +⃗
𝐎𝐂 +⃗
𝐎𝐁 +⃗ 𝐎𝐄 + ⃗
𝐎𝐅
𝑬 𝑫

𝒐
𝑭 𝑪

𝑨 𝑩
EXAMPLE
Q. For the given regular hexagon with center at O, find value of if: ⃗
𝐀𝐁 +⃗
𝑨𝑪 +⃗
𝑨𝑫 +⃗
𝑨𝑬 +⃗
𝑨𝑭 =𝒏⃗
𝑨𝑶
𝑬 𝑫

𝒐
𝑭 𝑪

𝑨 𝑩
EXAMPLE
Q. For the given regular pentagon of side a with center at O, find:

𝑬 𝑪
𝒐

𝑨 𝑩
KEY NOTES
1. Resultant of two vectors of unequal magnitude can never be zero

2. Minimum no. of vectors having unequal magnitude for zero resultant

y
• Coplanar : 3

• Non Coplanar : 4

z
 KEY NOTES
3. Resultant of two vectors is co-planar with them

⃗
𝐁 ⃗
𝐑

⃗
𝐀
SUBTRACTION OF TWO VECTORS
Let & are two vectors, then ⃗

⃗
⃗ =⃗
𝐀 −𝐁 𝐀 +(− ⃗
𝐁)
|A + B|=√ 𝐴 +𝐵 +2 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⃗ ⃗ 2 2
B ⃗
B
|A − B|=√ 𝐴 +𝐵 −2𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⃗ ⃗ 2 2

𝜃
Angle between and
⃗
A ⃗
A
𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶=

⃗A −
𝑨+ 𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
−⃗ −⃗

⃗B
B B
Angle between and
𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶=
𝑨 − 𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
EXAMPLE
Q. Angle between 2 vectors and having magnitude 5N and 10N is 37 o, then find out
EXAMPLE
Q. Find angle between and if
EXAMPLE
Q. If then find
EXAMPLE
Q. If then find
SUBTRACTION OF TWO VECTORS OF EQUAL MAGNITUDE |⃗ 𝑩|=𝟐 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝑨− ⃗ ( )
𝜽
𝟐
IF Then,
R
,

Where is angle between &

KEY NOTES
• If then

• If then

• If difference of two unit vectors is a unit vector,

• If sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector,

Uses of vector subtraction:

change in velocity
change in momentum
change in position
EXAMPLE
Q. If a particle moves with constant speed v on circumference, find magnitude of change in velocity from A to B.
𝑩

𝟔𝟎 °
𝑨
VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

⃗
𝐀

⃗
𝐁 ⃗
𝐁
⃗𝐁
⃗
𝐀 +

⃗𝐀
−
⃗𝐁
⃗
𝐀
When is acute,
major diagonal will represent vector addition and
minor diagonal will represent vector subtraction
KEY NOTES
Vector addition is commutative Vector addition is associative

Vector subtraction is not commutative Vector subtraction is not associative

EXAMPLE
1) Draw 2) Draw
VECTOR RESOLUTION(2D)
When a vector is split into components which are at right angle to each other, then
the components are called rectangular or orthogonal components of that vector.
EXAMPLE
Q. , find-
i. Ax

ii. Ay
iii. | |

iv. Angle of with x-axis

v. Unit Vector along

EXAMPLE
Q. If is a unit vector, find value of b.
EXAMPLE
Q. A mass if 2kg lies on an inclined plane as shown in the figure. Resolve its weight along and perpendicular to the plane.
(Assume g = 10 m/s2)

2 kg

30 °
EXAMPLE
Q. Resolve the vector in component form

(i) 10 N (ii) 20 N

30 ° 37 °
EXAMPLE
Q. Find resultant of given vectors

⃗
𝐁 (𝟓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔)

⃗
𝐀 (𝟓𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔)

𝟓𝟑 ° 𝟑𝟕 °

⃗
𝐂 (𝟓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔)
EXAMPLE
Q. A vector makes an angle of with the horizontal. If the horizontal component of the vector is 250 N, find the
magnitude of vector and its vertical component.
VECTOR RESOLUTION(3D)
EXAMPLE
Q. If , then find:
1)
2)
3) Direction cosines of
4) Angle of vector with and axis
EXAMPLE
Q. If is & is then, find direction cosines and magnitude of resultant.
EXAMPLE
Q. If makes angle with axis, with axis, find its possible angles with axis
EXAMPLE
Q. If and then find
EXAMPLE
Q. Determine the vector which when added to the resultant of and , gives ZERO resultant(equilibrium).
EXAMPLE
Q. Determine the vector which when added to the resultant of and , gives unit vector along axis.
EXAMPLE
Q. Find unit vector in the direction of resultant of and .
EXAMPLE
Q. Find out the vector of magnitude 26 N along the direction of vector .
EXAMPLE
Q. Find a vector in the direction of having magnitude equal to .
KEY NOTES
• A vector can be resolved into infinite number of components

• Maximum number of rectangular components in a plane = 2

• Maximum number of rectangular components in space(3D) = 3

• Vector is independent of the orientation/choice of axes, but components are not

• The component of a vector along its perpendicular direction is always ZERO

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO VECTORS

SCALAR PRODUCT
(DOT PRODUCT)
SCALAR PRODUCT
𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 : 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 (𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐨𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 ) 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐬𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭
.

𝐁
⃗
𝜽
𝐀
⃗
ANGLE DEPENDENCE ||
𝛉 =𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝛉 =𝐨𝐛𝐭𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝛉 =𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞

𝐁
⃗ 𝐁
⃗
𝐁
⃗ 𝜽 𝜽
𝜽
𝐀
⃗ 𝐀
⃗ 𝐀
⃗
RANGE OF DOT PRODUCT ||

⃗ 𝐀
𝐁 ⃗ 𝐁
⃗ 𝐀
⃗
KEY NOTES
 KEY NOTES

𝑫𝒐𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

𝑫𝒐𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

EXAMPLE
Q. Find & ⃗
𝐁=𝟒 𝐍
𝛉 =𝟑𝟕𝒐

⃗
𝐀 =𝟔 𝐍
EXAMPLE
Q. Find angle between & , if (6N) and (4N) and
EXAMPLE
𝐁 = √ 𝐀𝐁
⃗ 𝟑
Q. Find angle between and if 𝐀 .⃗
𝟐
DOT PRODUCT OF VECTORS IN COMPONENT FORM

⃗𝐀 ∙ ⃗𝐁=𝑨 𝑩 +𝑨 𝑩 +𝑨 𝑩
If two vectors are given as

𝒙 𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 𝒛 𝒛
EXAMPLE
Q. Find if & .
EXAMPLE
Q. Find if & .
EXAMPLE
Q. If angle between and is , then find value of .
EXAMPLE
Q. If , then find value of.
EXAMPLE
Q. If , then find value of .
EXAMPLE
Q. If and , find
 Application of DOT Product

To Find Angle Between To Check To Find Projection Of

Vectors Orthogonal Vectors One Vector On Other Vector
APPLICATION OF DOT PRODUCT
To Find Angle Between Vectors Example: Find angle between and .
APPLICATION OF DOT PRODUCT
To Check Orthogonal Vectors Example: find value of if given vectors are orthogonal
and
EXAMPLE
Q. Find value of if is normal to .
EXAMPLE
Q. If and are perpendicular, then find angle between and .
PROJECTION OF VECTOR

⃗
𝑨
𝜽
⃗
𝑩
APPLICATION OF DOT PRODUCT
To Find Projection Of
One Vector On Other Vector

( )
⃗
𝑨∙ ⃗
𝑩 ⃗ 𝑨∙ ⃗
⃗
𝑨 𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽= 𝑨
𝑨𝑩
=
𝑩
𝑩

𝜽
⃗
𝑩
𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Projection of on

( ) ( )
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
or
Component of along
𝑽𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 ^
( 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ) 𝑩= 𝑨
𝑨∙
𝑨𝑩
𝑩 ^
𝑩=
𝑨∙
𝑩
𝑩 ⃗
𝟐
𝑩
EXAMPLE
Q. If , , find out:
1. Projection of along in scalar form
2. Projection of along in vector form
3. Projection of along in scalar form
EXAMPLE
Q. Find component of along
EXAMPLE
Q. Find component of perpendicular to in plane of and .
 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO VECTORS

VECTOR PRODUCT
(CROSS PRODUCT)
VECTOR PRODUCT
Definition:

Magnitude of

Direction of

⃗
𝐁
𝛉
⃗
𝐀
EXAMPLE
Q. Find angle between and if & and .
EXAMPLE
⃗
𝐀 .⃗
𝐁 , then find angle between and .
Q.|𝐀
If × 𝐁|=
⃗ ⃗
√𝟑
EXAMPLE
Q. If and Then find
EXAMPLE
Q. If is Eastwards and is Downwards, find direction of
PROPERTIES OF VECTOR PRODUCT
• Cross product of two vectors is not commutative.
⃗𝐀 × 𝐁
⃗≠⃗
𝐁 × ⃗𝐀 ⃗𝐀 × 𝐁⃗ =− ⃗𝐁 × ⃗𝐀 |⃗𝐀 × ⃗𝐁|=|⃗𝐁 × ⃗𝐀|
• Cross product of two vectors always perpendicular
to the plane containing vectors or their resultant.
⃗
𝐁
or or

⃗
𝐀
• Cross product of two vectors is distributive only
when order is strictly maintained.

⃗𝐀 × ( ⃗𝐁+ ⃗𝑪 )=⃗𝑨× ⃗𝑩+ ⃗𝑨× ⃗𝑪

PROPERTIES OF VECTOR PRODUCT
• Magnitude of cross product of two vectors is maximum when they are orthogonal

• Magnitude of cross product of two vectors is minimum when they are collinear

• The self cross product of a vector is null vector

So,
PROPERTIES OF VECTOR PRODUCT
• A unit vector which is perpendicular to both given vectors and is given by

⃗
𝑨 × ⃗
𝑩
^ =±
𝒏
|⃗
𝑨× ⃗𝑩|
⃗
𝐁

⃗
𝐀
EXAMPLE
Q. Find out a unit vector which is perpendicular to both of the following and
CROSS PRODUCT IN COMPONENT FORM
• For orthogonal base vectors, as per Right Hand Thumb Rule

 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐢

^ 𝐢
^

^
𝐤 𝐣
^ ^
𝐤 𝐣
^
^ × ^
𝐢 ^
𝐣= 𝐤 ^𝒋 × 𝐢
^ =− 𝐤
^

^ ^ =𝐢
𝐣× 𝐤 ^ ^×^
𝐤 𝐣 =− 𝐢^
^
𝐤 ^ =^
×𝐢 𝐣 𝐢^ × 𝐤
^ =− ^
𝐣
CROSS PRODUCT IN COMPONENT FORM
• In component form,

⃗
𝑨× ⃗
𝑩=𝒊^ ( 𝑨 𝒚 𝑩 𝒛 − 𝑨 𝒛 𝑩 𝒚 ) − ^𝒋 ( 𝑨 𝒙 𝑩 𝒛 − 𝑨 𝒛 𝑩 𝒙 ) + 𝒌
^( 𝑨 𝑩 −𝑨 𝑩 )
𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 𝒙

𝒊^

| ¿ ^𝒋

|
^
¿𝒌
⃗
𝑨× ⃗
𝑩= ¿ 𝑨 𝒙 ¿ 𝑨𝒚 ¿ 𝑨𝒛
¿ 𝑩𝒙 ¿ 𝑩𝒚 ¿ 𝑩𝒛
EXAMPLE
Q. Find if & .
EXAMPLE
Q. Find magnitude of torque if & .
 Application of CROSS Product

To find area of To check

geometrical shapes coplanarity
APPLICATION OF CROSS PRODUCT
AREA OF TRIANGLE

Area of triangle =

⃗
𝐁

⃗
𝐀
EXAMPLE
Q. Find area of a triangle made by two vectors and as adjacent sides.
APPLICATION OF CROSS PRODUCT
AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM

CASE 1 CASE 2
If and are sides of parallelogram If and are diagonals of parallelogram

⃗
𝐁
⃗
𝐁 ⃗
𝐀
⃗
𝐀
Area of parallelogram = Area of parallelogram =
EXAMPLE
Q. Find area of a parallelogram made by two vectors and as adjacent sides.
EXAMPLE
Q. Find area of a parallelogram made by two vectors and as diagonals.
APPLICATION OF CROSS PRODUCT
CONDITION OF
COPLANARITY
𝐈𝐟 ⃗
𝐀 ,⃗ ⃗ 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝐁 ∧𝐂

( ⃗𝑨× ⃗𝑩 ) ∙ ⃗𝑪=𝟎⟹ [ ⃗𝑨, ⃗𝑩, ⃗𝑪 ] =𝟎

⃗
𝐂
⃗
𝐁
⃗
𝐀
EXAMPLE
Q. If , and are coplanar vectors then find value of .
 -
𝐢𝐟 ⃗
𝐀 = 𝐀 𝐱 𝐢^ + 𝐀 𝐲 ^𝐣+ 𝐀 𝐳 𝐤
^ ∧⃗
𝐁 =𝐁 𝐱 𝐢^ + 𝐁 𝐲 ^𝐣 + 𝐁 𝐳 𝐤
^

𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔

𝑨𝒏𝒕𝒊− 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔

 EXAMPLE
Q. Find which set of vectors are parallel or anti-parallel or not.

^𝐢 + ^𝐣 +𝟐 𝐤^ ∧⃗ ^ ^ ^
𝐐 =𝟐 𝐢 +𝟐 𝐣 +𝟒 𝐤

^ ^ ^ ⃗ ^ ^ ^
𝟐 𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤 ∧𝐐 =−𝟔 𝐢 −𝟑 𝐣 +𝟑 𝐤

^𝐢 + ^𝐣 − 𝐤
^ ∧⃗ ^ ^ ^
𝐐 =𝐢 − 𝟑 𝐣 + 𝐤
𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬
EXAMPLE
Q. If A(2, 4, 6) and B(-1, 2, 7) then write and .