Operating System

M.Gowthami
Assistant Professor
VMKV Arts &Science College
History of Operating System

An operating system is a type of software that acts as

an interface between the user and the hardware. It is
responsible for handling various critical functions of
the computer and utilizing resources very efficiently so
the operating system is also known as a resource
manager. The operating system also acts like a
government because just as the government has
authority over everything, similarly the operating
system has authority over all resources. Various tasks
that are handled by OS are file management, task
management, garbage management, memory
management, process management, disk management,
I/O management, peripherals management, etc.
Function of Operating System

Memory management
Process management
File management
Device Management
Deadlock Prevention
Input/Output device management
Act as a resource manager
Time Management
Generation of Operating System

Below are four generations of operating

systems.
The First Generation
The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation
The First Generation (1940 to early 1950s)

In 1940, an operating system was not

included in the creation of the first electrical
computer. Early computer users had complete
control over the device and wrote programs
in pure machine language for every task.
During the computer generation, a
programmer can merely execute and solve
basic mathematical calculations. an operating
system is not needed for these computations.
The Second Generation (1955 – 1965)

GMOSIS, the first operating system (OS) was

developed in the early 1950s. For the IBM
Computer, General Motors has created the
operating system. Because it gathers all
related jobs into groups or batches and then
submits them to the operating system using
a punch card to finish all of them, the second-
generation operating system was built on a
single-stream batch processing system.
General Motors Operating System,
The Third Generation (1965 – 1980)

 Because it gathers all similar jobs into groups or batches

and then submits them to the second generation operating
system using a punch card to finish all jobs in a machine, the
second-generation operating system was based on a single
stream batch processing system. Control is transferred to
the operating system upon each job’s completion, whether it
be routinely or unexpectedly. The operating system cleans
up after each work is finished before reading and starting
the subsequent job on a punch card. Large, professionally
operated machines known as mainframes were introduced
after that. Operating system designers were able to create a
new operating system in the late 1960s that was capable of
multiprogramming—the simultaneous execution of several
tasks in a single computer program.
The Fourth Generation (1980 – Present Day)

 The fourth generation of personal computers is the result of these PDPs.

The Generation IV (1980–Present)The evolution of the personal computer
is linked to the fourth generation of operating systems. Nonetheless, the
third-generation minicomputers and the personal computer have many
similarities. At that time, minicomputers were only slightly more expensive
than personal computers, which were highly expensive.
 The development of Microsoft and the Windows operating system was a
significant influence in the creation of personal computers. In 1975,
Microsoft developed the first Windows operating system. Bill Gates and
Paul Allen had the idea to advance personal computers after releasing the
Microsoft Windows OS. As a result, the MS-DOS was released in 1981, but
users found it extremely challenging to decipher its complex commands.
Windows is now the most widely used and well-liked operating system
available. Following then, Windows released a number of operating
systems, including Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP, and Windows 7,
the most recent operating system. The majority of Windows users are
currently running Windows 10. Apple is another well-known operating
system in addition to Windows.
Types of Operating System

Operating Systems have evolved in past

years. It went through several changes before
getting its original form. These changes in
the operating system are known as
the evolution of operating systems. OS
improve itself with the invention of new
technology. Basically , OS added the feature
of new technology and making itself more
powerful. Let us see the evolution of
operating system year-wise in detail:
Continue…
No OS – (0s to 1940s)
Batch Processing Systems -(1940s to 1950s)
Multiprogramming Systems -(1950s to 1960s)
Time-Sharing Systems -(1960s to 1970s)
Introduction of GUI -(1970s to 1980s)
Networked Systems – (1980s to 1990s)
Mobile Operating Systems – (Late 1990s to
Early 2000s)
AI Integration – (2010s to ongoing)
1. No OS – (0s to 1940s)

As we know that before 1940s, there was no use of

OS . Earlier, people are lacking OS in their
computer system so they had to manually type
instructions for each tasks in machine language(0-1
based language) . And at that time , it was very
hard for users to implement even a simple task.
And it was very time consuming and also not user-
friendly . Because not everyone had that much level
of understanding to understand the machine
language and it required a deep understanding.
2. Batch Processing Systems -(1940s to 1950s)

With the growth of time, batch processing

system came into the market .Now Users had
facility to write their programs on punch
cards and load it to the computer operator.
And then operator make different batches of
similar types of jobs and then serve the
different batch(group of jobs) one by one to
the CPU .CPU first executes jobs of one batch
and them jump to the jobs of other batch in a
sequence manner.
3. Multiprogramming Systems -(1950s to 1960s)

Multiprogramming was the first operating

system where actual revolution began. It
provide user facility to load the multiple
program into the memory and provide a
specific portion of memory to each program.
When one program is waiting for any I/O
operations (which take much time) at that
time the OS give permission to CPU to switch
from previous program to other
program(which is first in ready queue) for
continuous execution of program with
interrupt.
Time-Sharing Systems -(1960s to 1970s)

Time-sharing systems is extended version of
multiprogramming system. Here one extra
feature was added to avoid the use of CPU for
long time by any single program and give
access of CPU to every program after a
certain interval of time. Basically OS switches
from one program to another program after a
certain interval of time so that every program
can get access of CPU and complete their
work.
Introduction of GUI -(1970s to 1980s)

With the growth of time, Graphical User

Interfaces (GUIs) came. First time OS became
more user-friendly and changed the way of
people to interact with computer. GUI
provides computer system visual elements
which made user’s interaction with computer
more comfortable and user-friendly. User can
just click on visual elements rather than
typing commands. Here are some feature of
GUI in Microsoft’s windows icons, menus and
windows.
Networked Systems – (1980s to 1990s)

At 1980s,the craze of computer networks at

it’s peak .A special type of Operating Systems
needed to manage the network
communication . The OS like Novell NetWare
and Windows NT were developed to manage
network communication which provide users
facility to work in collaborative environment
and made file sharing and remote access very
easy.
Mobile Operating Systems – (Late 1990s to Early 2000s)
Invention of smartphones create a big
revolution in software industry, To handle the
operation of smartphones , a special type of
operating systems were developed. Some of
them are : iOS and Android etc. These
operating systems were optimized with the
time and became more powerful.
AI Integration – (2010s to ongoing)

With the growth of time, Artificial intelligence came

into picture. Operating system integrates features of AI
technology like Siri, Google Assistant, and Alexa and
became more powerful and efficient in many way. These
AI features with operating system create a entire new
feature like voice commands, predictive text, and
personalized recommendations.
Note: The above mentioned OS basically tells how the
OS evolved with the time by adding new features but it
doesn’t mean that only new generation OS are in use
and previously OS system are not in use, according to
the need, all these OS are still used in software
industry.
Advantages of Operating System

Operating System manages external and internal

devices for example, printers, scanners, and other.
Operating System provides interfaces and drivers
for proper communication between system and
hardware devices.
Allows multiple applications to run simultaneously.
Manages the execution of processes, ensuring that
the system remains responsive.
Organizes and manages files on storage devices.
Operating system allocates resources to various
applications and ensures their efficient utilization.
Disadvantages of Operating System
 If an error occurred in your system, then there may be a
chance that your data can be deleted therefore always have
a backup of your data.
 Threats and viruses can attack our operating system at any
time, making it challenging for the OS to keep the system
protected from these dangers.
 For learning about new operating system can be a time-
consuming and challenging, Specially for those who using
particular Operating system for example switching from
Windows OS to Linux is difficult.
 Keeping an operating system up-to-date requires regular
maintenance, which can be time-consuming.
 Operating systems consume system resources, including
CPU, memory, and storage, which can affect the
performance of other applications.
Thank you…