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Lec 13

The document discusses the image formation model, detailing how images are represented as two-dimensional functions characterized by illumination and reflectance components. It also covers processes like image sampling, quantization, spatial and intensity resolution, image interpolation, masking, and geometric transformations, providing numerical examples for clarity. These concepts are essential for understanding how images are processed and manipulated in digital formats.

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26 views15 pages

Lec 13

The document discusses the image formation model, detailing how images are represented as two-dimensional functions characterized by illumination and reflectance components. It also covers processes like image sampling, quantization, spatial and intensity resolution, image interpolation, masking, and geometric transformations, providing numerical examples for clarity. These concepts are essential for understanding how images are processed and manipulated in digital formats.

Uploaded by

lanora6564
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Image Processing

Image Formation Model

 We denote images by two-dimensional functions


of the form f (x,y). The value of f at spatial
coordinates (x,y) is a scalar quantity whose
physical meaning is determined by the source of
the image, and whose values are proportional to
energy radiated by a physical source (e.g.,
electromagnetic waves).
 As a consequence, f (x,y) must be nonnegative and
finite; that is, 0 ≤ f (x,y) < ∞
Image Formation Model

 Function f(x,y) is characterized by two components:


1. Illumination:The amount of source illumination
incident on the scene being viewed
2. Reflectance:The amount of illumination
reflected by the objects in the scene.
 Appropriately, these are called the illumination and
reflectance components, and are denoted by i(x,y)
and r(x,y), respectively.
Image Formation Model

 f (x,y) = i(x,y) r(x,y), where 0 ≤ i(x,y) < ∞, 0 ≤ r(x,y)


≤1
1. r(x,y)=0:Totally absorption(dark area)
2. r(x,y)=1 :Totally reflection(bright area)
 Thus, reflectance is bounded by 0 (total
absorption) and 1 (total reflectance). The nature
of i(x,y) is determined by the illumination source,
and r(x,y) is determined by the characteristics of
the imaged objects.
Numerical Example

 Let's suppose we have an image f(x,y) with pixel values as


follows:
 f(x,y) 5 10 15 20
25 30 35 40
45 50 55 60

 i(x,y), r(x,y)

1 1 1 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4


1 1 1 1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
1 1 1 1 0.9 1 0.1 0.2
Numerical Example

 To find the resulting image 5×0.1 10×0.2 15×0.3 20×0.4


f(x,y), we simply multiply the
corresponding elements
25×0.5 30×0.6 35×0.7 40×0.8

45×0.9 50×1 55×0.1 60×0.2


 After the calculation, from the
provided reflectance matrix,
we can observe that higher
reflectance values (closer to 1)
result in brighter pixels in the 0.5 2 4.5 8
resulting image, while lower
reflectance values result in 12.5 18 24.5 32
darker pixels.
40.5 50 5.5 12
Image Sampling & Quantization

 To create a digital image, we need to convert the


continuous sensed data into a digital format. This requires
two processes: sampling and quantization.
 An image may be continuous with respect to the x- and y-
coordinates, and also in amplitude. To digitize it, we have
to sample the function in both coordinates and also in
amplitude.
 Digitizing the coordinate values is called sampling.
 Digitizing the amplitude values is called quantization.
Spatial Resolution

 Spatial resolution refers to the level of detail or clarity present in an


image. It is determined by the number of pixels per unit area in the
image.

 In simpler terms, spatial resolution defines how finely an image can


represent the details of the objects it depicts.

 High spatial resolution means that the image contains a large number
of pixels per unit area, resulting in sharper and more detailed images.
Spatial resolution is often expressed in terms of pixels per inch (PPI) or
pixels per centimeter (PPC) when referring to printed images.
Intensity Resolution

 Intensity resolution, also known as gray level resolution or


bit depth, refers to the number of unique intensity levels
that can be represented in each pixel of an image.
 It determines the range and precision of brightness or
color values that can be distinguished in the image.
 Commonly, intensity resolution is expressed in terms of the
number of bits used to represent each pixel. For example,
an 8-bit grayscale image has 28=256, possible intensity
levels, while a 24-bit color image has 224=16,777,216,
possible color combinations.
Image interpolation

 Image interpolation is a technique used to increase or


decrease the spatial resolution of an image by estimating
the values of new pixels based on the values of
surrounding pixels in the original image.
 It's commonly used in tasks such as resizing images,
rotating images, or correcting geometric distortions.
Image masking

 Image masking is a technique used in image processing to


selectively apply changes or operations to specific regions of an
image while leaving other areas unchanged. It involves creating a
mask, which is essentially a binary image that specifies which
pixels should be affected by the operation and which pixels should
be preserved.
 Creation of Mask: The first step in image masking is to create a
mask image. This mask image contains binary values, where pixels
corresponding to the regions of interest (ROI) are set to one
(foreground), and pixels outside the ROI are set to zero
(background).
Image masking

 Essentially, it's like placing a “mask” over the parts of a


picture you want to protect or hide while exposing the
other areas for editing.
Numerical Example
100 150 200 250
 Original Image; 50 100 150 200
200 250 100 50
150 100 50 200

0 0 1 1
 Mask Image 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0

0 0 200 250
0 0 150 200
200 250 0 0
 Apply the mask 150 100 0 0
Geometric Transformations

 Geometric transformations, also known as spatial


transformations, are operations that modify the spatial
properties of an image, such as its position, orientation,
scale, or shape.
 These transformations are commonly used in image
processing and computer vision for tasks such as image
registration, image alignment, and geometric correction.
Geometric Transformations

 Translation: Translation involves shifting an image along the x-axis


and/or y-axis. Example: Suppose we have an image of a car, and we
want to move it 20 pixels to the right and 10 pixels down.
 Rotation: Rotation involves rotating an image around a specified point
or axis. Example: Rotating a satellite image (30 degrees clockwise) to
align it with a map coordinate system.
 Scaling: Scaling involves resizing an image (50% larger) by a specified
factor along the x-axis and/or y-axis. Example: Resizing a photograph
to make it larger or smaller.
 Shearing: Shearing involves stretching or skewing an image along one
of its axes Like, (shearing along the x-axis). Example: Correcting
perspective distortion in an image taken at an angle.

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