Engineering Design

Chapter 1

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 1.1 Introduction

What is design?

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What is design?
 “To fashion after a plan!”
 To design is:
To synthesize new or to arrange existing things
in a new way to satisfy a recognized need of
society.

“Design establishes and defines solutions to and pertinent

structures for problems not solved before, or new solutions to
problems which have previously been solved in a different
way.”

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What is design?
 Design VS Discovery?
 Good design requires:
 Analysis (decomposing the problem into
manageable parts, and predicting the expected
behavior after the designed part exists)
 Synthesis (to conclude the design by collecting
the information obtained from the separate parts
in the analysis stage)

 Engineer VS Scientist?
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The Four C’s of Design
 Creativity
Requires creation of something that has not existed
before or has not existed in the designer’s mind before.
 Complexity

Requires decisions on many variables and parameters.

 Choice
Requires making choices between many possible
solutions at all levels, from basic concepts to the smallest
detail of shape.
 Compromise
Requires balancing multiple and sometimes conflicting
requirements.

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 1.2 Engineering Design Process

Why is engineering design process needed?

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Importance of the Engineering Design
Process
 Decisions made in the design process cost very
little in terms of the overall product cost but
have a major effect on the cost of the product.

 You cannot compensate in manufacturing for

defects introduced in the design phase.

 The design process should be conducted so as

to develop quality, cost-competitive products in
the shortest time possible.

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Product Cost Commitment during Phases
of the Design Process

Adapted from D. Ullman, The Mechanical Design Process, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York,20

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Types of Designs
 Original Design: Innovative design

 Adaptive Design

 Redesign: Variant design

 Selection design

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 1.3 Ways To Think About The
Engineering Design Process
What do we mean by “designing a system”?

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Simplified Iteration Model

Adapted from M. Asimow, Introduction to Design, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1

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Design Method Versus Scientific Method

Adapted from P. H. Hill, The Science of Engineering Design, Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, New York 1970.
science creates knowledge about naturally occurring phenomena,
while design is concerned with creating knowledge about artificial
objects.
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A Problem-Solving Methodology
 Definition of the problem

 Gathering of information

 Generation of alternative solutions

 Evaluation of alternatives and decision making

 Communication of the results

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How The Design Depends On How The
Problem Is Defined

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Design Paradox Between Design
Knowledge and Design Freedom

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 1.4 Description of Design Process

What are the steps of Design Process?

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Design Process Phases
 Phase I:
Conceptual Design

 Phase II:
Embodiment Design

 Phase III:
Detail Design

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Phase I. Conceptual Design

PDS: Product Design Spec.

AHP: Analytical Hierarchy
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Phase II. Embodiment Design

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Phase III. Detail Design

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Engineering Design Process

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 1.5 Consideration Of A Good
Design
What are the various considerations of a good design?

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Considerations of Good Design

1) Achievement of Performance Requirements

2) Life-Cycle Issues

3) Social and Regulatory Issues

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Achievement of Performance
Requirements
 A major characteristic of a design is its function.
 Performance Requirements:
Primary Performance Requirements
Complementary Performance Requirements

 Part (Component): A single piece requiring no assembly

 Assembly: When two or more parts are joined.
 Subassemblies: Smaller assemblies which compose
larger assemblies.

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 Total Materials Life Cycle

Reproduced from “Materials and Man’s Needs,” National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.,
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Regulatory and Social Issues
 The code of ethics of all professional engineering societies
require the engineer to protect public health and safety.

Example of Standards and Codes:

ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
CPSC: Consumer Product Safety Commission
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
DHS: Department of Homeland Security

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1.6 Computer-Aided Engineering

What are the changes that plentiful computing has produced?

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Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
 The advent of plentiful computing has produced a major
change in the way engineering design is practiced.

Advantages of Computer-Aided Engineering:

Automated engineering drawing in two dimensions

Three dimensional modeling
Finite Element Modeling (FEM)
Rapid prototyping
Design optimization
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

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Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)

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 1.7 Designing To Codes And
Standards
What are the codes and standards?

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Designing To Codes And Standards
 A code is a collection of laws and rules that
assists a government agency in meeting its
obligation to protect the general welfare by
preventing damage to property or injury or
loss of life to persons.
 A standard is a generally agreed-upon set of
procedures, criteria, dimensions, materials, or
Chief Aspects of Designing To Codes and
parts.
Standards: I
n
c • Efficiency
r • Safety
e • Interchangeabil
a
s ity
e • Compatibility

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Two Broad Forms of Codes

Performance Codes Prescriptive Codes

 Performance Codes are stated in terms of the

specific requirement that is expected to be
achieved.
 Prescriptive(specification) Codes state the
requirements in terms of specific details and
leave no discretion to the designer.

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 1.8 Design Review

What is design review?

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Design Review
 A design review is a retrospective study of the design up to that point
in time.

 Each review looks at two main aspects. The first is concerned with the
technical elements of the design, while the second is concerned with
the business aspects of the product

 The essence of the technical review of the design is to compare the

findings against the detailed Product Design Specification (PDS).

 The PDS is a detailed document that describes what the design must be in
terms of:
 Performance requirements
 Environment in which it must operate
 Product life
 Quality
 Reliability
 Cost
 Host of other design requirements
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Redesign
 Two categories of redesigns:
 Fixes
 Updates

 A fix is a design modification that is

required due to less than acceptable
performance once the product has been
introduced into the marketplace.
 Updates are usually planned as part of the
product’s life cycle before the product is
introduced to the market.
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An Examples of Redesign

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 1.9 Societal Considerations in
Engineering Design
What are the effects of engineering design on society?

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Societal Considerations in Engineering
Design
 ABET Code of Ethics:
“Engineers shall hold paramount the safety,
health, and welfare of the public in the performance of
their profession.”

 Some influences on the practice of engineering design

due to increased societal awareness of technology:
 Greater influence of lawyers on engineering decisions
 More time spent in planning and predicting
 Emphasis on “defensive research and development”
 More effort expended in research, development, and
engineering in environmental control and safety.

ABET: Accreditation Board for Engineering and

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Technology
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Characteristics of an Environmentally
Responsible Design
 Easy to disassemble
 Able to be recycled
 Contains recycled materials
 Uses identifiable and recyclable plastics
 Reduces use of energy and natural materials
in its manufacture
 Manufactured without producing hazardous
waste
 Avoids use of hazardous materials
 Reduces product chemical emissions
 Reduces product energy consumption
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Keys Roles of Government in Interacting
with Technology
 As a stimulus to free enterprise through
changes in the tax system
 By influencing interest rates and the supply of
venture capital through changes in fiscal
policy to control the growth of the economy
 As a major customer for high technology,
chiefly in military, space, and energy systems
 As a funding source (patron) for research and
development
 As a regulator of technology

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