Object Oriented Programming with Java

(Subject Code: BCS-403)

Unit 1
Lecture 7
Lecture 7
• Static Member
• Final Member
 Static Keyword in Java
• The static keyword in Java is mainly used
for memory management.
• The static keyword in Java is used to share
the same variable or method of a given
class.
• We can apply static keywords with
variables, methods, blocks, and nested
classes.
• The static keyword belongs to the class
than an instance of the class.
The static keyword is a non-access
modifier in Java that is applicable
for the following:
1.Blocks
2.Variables
3.Methods
4.Classes

Note: To create a static member(block, variable,

method, nested class), precede its declaration
with the keyword static.
 Characteristics of static keyword:
• Shared memory allocation: Static variables and
methods are allocated memory space only once
during the execution of the program. This
memory space is shared among all instances of
the class, which makes static members useful for
maintaining global state or shared functionality.
• Accessible without object instantiation: Static
members can be accessed without the need to
create an instance of the class. This makes them
useful for providing utility functions and constants
that can be used across the entire program.
• Associated with class, not objects: Static
members are associated with the class, not
with individual objects. This means that
changes to a static member are reflected in all
instances of the class, and that you can access
static members using the class name rather
than an object reference.
• Cannot access non-static members: Static
methods and variables cannot access non-
static members of a class, as they are not
associated with any particular instance of the
class.
• Can be overloaded, but not overridden: Static
methods can be overloaded, which means
that you can define multiple methods with the
same name but different parameters.
However, they cannot be overridden, as they
are associated with the class rather than with
a particular instance of the class.
class Test
{
// static method
static void m1()
{
System.out.println("from m1");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// calling m1 without creating
// any object of class Test
m1();
}
}
 Static blocks
• If you need to do the computation in order to
initialize your static variables, you can declare
a static block that gets executed exactly once,
when the class is first loaded.
class Test
{
// static variable
static int a = 10;
static int b;
// static block
static {
System.out.println("Static block initialized.");
b = a * 4;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("from main");
System.out.println("Value of a : "+a);
System.out.println("Value of b : "+b);
}
}
 Static variables
• When a variable is declared as static,
then a single copy of the variable is
created and shared among all objects at
the class level.
• Static variables are, essentially, global
variables.
• All instances of the class share the same
static variable.
 Important points for static variables:
• We can create static variables at the class level
only.
• static block and static variables are executed in
the order they are present in a program.
 Static methods
When a method is declared with the static
keyword, it is known as the static method. The
most common example of a static method is the
main( ) method.
Methods declared as static have several
restrictions:
• They can only directly call other static
methods.
• They can only directly access static data.
Java static method
If you apply static keyword with any method, it is
known as static method.
• A static method belongs to the class rather
than object of a class.
• A static method can be invoked without the
need for creating an instance of a class.
• static method can access static data member
and can change the value of it.
 Static Classes
• A class can be made static only if it is a
nested class.
• We cannot declare a top-level class with
a static modifier but can declare nested
classes as static.
• Such types of classes are called Nested
static classes.
class OuterClass
{
private static String msg = "ABES Engineering College";
public static class NestedStaticClass
{
public void printMessage()
{
System.out.println("Message " + msg);
}
}
}
class MyMain {
public static void main(String args[])
{
OuterClass.NestedStaticClass printer= new
OuterClass.NestedStaticClass();
printer.printMessage();
}
}
 Final Keyword In Java
The final keyword in java is used to restrict
the user. The java final keyword can be
used in many context.
Final can be:
variable
method
class
• The final keyword can be applied with the
variables, a final variable that have no value it
is called blank final variable or uninitialized
final variable.
• It can be initialized in the constructor only.
• The blank final variable can be static also
which will be initialized in the static block only.
If you make any variable as final, you cannot change
the value of final variable(It will be constant).
class Bike9{
final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
void run(){
speedlimit=400;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
obj.run();
}
}//end of class
Output:Compile Time Error
Java final method
If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.
class Bike{
final void run(){System.out.println("running");}
}

class Honda extends Bike{

void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}

public static void main(String args[]){

Honda honda= new Honda();
honda.run();
}
}
Output:Compile Time Error
Java final class
If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.

final class Bike{}

class Honda1 extends Bike{

void run()
{System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}

public static void main(String args[]){

Honda1 honda= new Honda();
honda.run();
}
}
Output:Compile Time Error
• A final variable that is not initialized at the
time of declaration is known as blank final
variable.
• If you want to create a variable that is
initialized at the time of creating object and
once initialized may not be changed, it is
useful.
Can we initialize blank final variable?
Yes, but only in constructor. For example:
class Bike10{
final int speedlimit;//blank final variable

Bike10(){
speedlimit=70;
System.out.println(speedlimit);
}

public static void main(String args[]){

new Bike10();
}
}