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DCC 2

The document outlines the fundamentals of communication protocols, including their definitions, elements, and the handshaking process for data transmission. It also discusses standards and organizations that ensure interoperability in data communication, differentiating between de facto and de jure standards. Additionally, it covers bandwidth, data transmission rates, baud rates, and the distinction between analog and digital signals.

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11 views10 pages

DCC 2

The document outlines the fundamentals of communication protocols, including their definitions, elements, and the handshaking process for data transmission. It also discusses standards and organizations that ensure interoperability in data communication, differentiating between de facto and de jure standards. Additionally, it covers bandwidth, data transmission rates, baud rates, and the distinction between analog and digital signals.

Uploaded by

editing2544
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

2 Protocols, Standard Organisations, Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud


Rate, and Bits Per second

Protocol :
Defn. : A protocol is defined as the set of rules agreed upon by sending and
receiving computer systems to facilitate proper communication between them.
Process of data communication :
In data communication a message consists of more than one character. A
group of character forms a block.
In order to send a message it is broken up into smaller blocks and each block is
separately identified by transmitting one or more special characters before or
after each block.
Some the characters at the beginning and end of each block are used for
handshaking purpose.
Basic handshaking process :
1. The transmitted starts by sending a “Ready signal to the receiver to
indicate to the receiver that it wants to send a character.
2. The receiver identifies this signal and communicates its status (busy or
ready to accept) on the busy line to the transmitter.
1.2 Protocols, Standard Organisations, Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud
Rate, and Bits Per second

3. If the receiver is busy then it is indicated by the receiver by sending a


character on the busy line.
4. The transmitter will wait if the receiver is busy and will send the data only
when the receiver is not busy and the transmitter becomes ready.

Ready
Transmitter Receiver
Busy
Data line

The Handshaking Process


1.2 Protocols, Standard Organisations, Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud
Rate, and Bits Per second

Elements of a protocol :
1. Syntax: Generally the data is presented in a particular structure or format or
order. The structure or format or order in which the data is presented is
known as is syntax.
2. Semantics: A protocol defined the meaning of each section of data bit, or
interprets a particular pattern of data bits. This known as semantics of a
protocol. It also tells us about what action is to be taken based on
interpretation.
3. Timing: The it takes into consideration the instant of sending the data and
the speed at which the data is to be sent.
1.2 Protocols, Standard Organisations, Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud
Rate, and Bits Per second

Standards and standard Organisations :


Data communication standards are defined as the guidelines to the product
manufacturers and vendors to ensure national and international connectivity.
Standards are needed for ensuring the interconnectivity and interoperability
among various hardware and software components. Without standards, it is not
possible to ensure connectivity and interoperability worldwide.
There are two types of standards :
1. De facto standards 2. De Jure standards
1. De facto standards :
1. These are the standards that have been traditionally used and mean
by fact or by convention .
2. These standards are not approved by any organized body but are
adopted by widespread use.
2. De Jure standards:
1. It means by law or by regulation.
2. These standards are legislated and approved by an body that is
officially recognized.
1.2 Protocols, Standard Organisations, Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud
Rate, and Bits Per second

Standard Organisations :
Standards organisations needed to create and maintain an open and competitive
market for manufacturers. They provide guidelines to manufacturers so to
ensure national and international interoperability of data and
telecommunication technology and processes.
A) Standard creation committees are :
1. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
2. Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
3. American National Standards Institute(ANSI)
4. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)
B) Regulatory agencies :
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is government regular body
in U.S. for all communication technology.
1.2 Protocols, Standard Organisations, Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud
Rate, and Bits Per second

C) FORUM :
O Examples of Forums
ATM Forum, MPLS Forum, Frame Relay Forum
Bandwidth :
Signal :
In the long distance communications, the computer data can not be transmitted
as it is. We have to first convert it into electrical signals(wired communication)
or electromagnetic signals(wireless Communication
Both data and the signals which represent them can be of analog form or digital
form.
Analog and digital data :
Analog data : The human voice is the best example of analog data. When a person
speaks, an analog wave is created in air.
Digital data : The data is stored in computer memory in the form of 0s and 1s is
digital data.
Analog Signals:
Analog Signals :
These are the signals which can have infinite number of different magnitudes or
values. They vary continuously with time Sine wave, triangular wave etc. are
the examples of analog signals.
Digital signals :
A signal is called as digital signal if it has only a finite number of predetrmined
distinct magnitudes.
The digital signals are discrete time signals, i.e. they are not continuous with
time as shown in figure
1.2 Protocols, Standard Organisations, Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud
Rate, and Bits Per second

Difference between analog signals and digital signals:


Sr.No. Parameter Analog signals Digital signals

1. Number of values Infinite Finite(2,8,16 etc)


2. Nature Continuous Discrete
3. Sources Signal generator, Computer A to D
transducer converters
4. Examples Sinewave, Binary signal
triangular wave

Bandwidth of a signal :
It is defined as the frequency range over which an information signal is
transmitted. Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower
frequency limits of the signal.
Bandwidth is defined as the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
occupied by a signal.
1.2 Protocols, Standard Organisations, Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud Rate, and Bits Per second

S.N. Type of the Signal Range of frequency Bandwidth in Hz


1. Voice signal(speech) 300-3400Hz 3100
for telephony
2. Music Signal 20-15000Hz 14980Hz
3. TV signal (picture) 0-5Mhz 5 Mhz
4. Digital Data 300-3400Hz (using 3100Hz
telephone line)
1.2 Protocols, Standard Organisations, Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud
Rate, and Bits Per second

Data Transmission Rate:


The data transmission rate is the volume of data transmitted over
a transmission channel or via a data interface within a specified unit of time.
The units used for this are baud or bits/s.
Baud Rate:
The baud rate is the rate at which information is transferred in a
communication channel.
Bits per second:
A measure of data transmission speeds, the amount of bits transferred in a
single second. Typically, speeds are measured in kbps (1000 bits per second).
Note: kBps (with a capital B) denotes bytes per second.

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