04/11/25 Section 2.

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What is the use of Sets?

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5
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Subsets

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Finite Set

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Infinite Set

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Equal Set

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Empty Set

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Singleton Set

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Cardinal Number of Set

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Disjoint Set

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Power Set

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Universal Set

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 Venn diagrams and Set Operations
Objectives
1. Understand the meaning of a universal set.
2. Understand the basic ideas of a Venn diagram.
3. Use Venn diagrams to visualize relationships between two
sets.
4. Find the complement of a set
5. Find the intersection of two sets.
6. Find the union of two sets.
7. Perform operations with sets.
8. Determine sets involving set operations from a Venn
diagram.
9. Understand the meaning of and and or.
10. Use the formula for n (A U B).
11. Properties of the Set Operations 22
 Universal Sets and Venn Diagrams

• The universal set is a general set that

contains all elements under discussion.

• John Venn (1843 – 1923) created Venn

diagrams to show the visual relationship among sets.

• Universal set is represented by a rectangle

• Subsets within the universal set are depicted by circles, or

sometimes ovals or other shapes.

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 Example 1
Determining Sets From a Venn Diagram
• Use the Venn diagram to determine
each of the following sets:
a. U
U = { O , ∆ , $, M, 5 }

b. A
A={O,∆}

c. The set of elements in U that are not

in A.
{$, M, 5 }
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 Representing Two Sets in a Venn Diagram
Disjoint Sets: Two sets that have Equal Sets: If A = B then AB
no elements in common. and B  A.

Proper Subsets: All elements of Sets with Some Common Elements

set A are elements of set B. Some means “at least one”. The
representing the sets must overlap.

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 Example 2
Determining sets from a Venn Diagram
• Use the Venn Diagram
to determine:
a. U
b. B
c. The set of elements in A
but not B Solutions:
d. The set of elements in U a. U = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g }
that are not in B b. B = {d, e }
e. The set of elements in c. {a, b, c }
both A and B.
d. {a, b, c, f, g }
e. {d}
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 The Complement of a Set

• The complement of set A,

symbolized by A’ is the set of all
elements in the universal set that
are not in A. This idea can be
expressed in set-builder notation
as follows:
A’ = {x | x  U and x  A}

• The shaded region represents the

complement of set A. This region
lies outside the circle.

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 Example 3
Finding a Set’s Complement
• Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 8, 9}
and A = {1, 3, 4, 7 }. Find A’.
• Solution:
Set A’ contains all the elements of
set U that are not in set A.
Because set A contains the
elements 1,3,4,and 7, these
elements cannot be members of
set A’:
A’ = {2, 5, 6, 8, 9}

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 The Intersection and Union of Sets
• The intersection of sets A and B, written A∩B, is the
set of elements common to both set A and set B. This
definition can be expressed in set-builder notation as
follows:
A∩B = { x | x A and xB}
• The union of sets A and B, written AUB is the set of
elements are in A or B or in both sets. This definition
can be expressed in set-builder notation as follows:
AUB = { x | x A or xB}
• For any set A:
– A∩Ø = Ø
– AUØ = A

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 Example 4
Finding the Intersection of Two Sets
• Find each of the following intersections:

a. {7, 8, 9, 10, 11} ∩ {6, 8, 10, 12}

{8, 10}

a. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8}
Ø

a. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ Ø
Ø
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 Example 5
Finding the Union of Sets
• Find each of the following unions:

a. {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

a. {7, 8, 9, 10, 11} U {6, 8, 10, 12}
b. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
b. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} U {2, 4, 6, 8}
c. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
c. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} U Ø

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 Example 6
Performing Set Operations
• Always perform any operations inside parenthesis first!
Given:
U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = { 1, 3, 7, 9 }
B = { 3, 7, 8, 10 }
• Find
a. (A U B)’ b. A’ ∩ B’
• Solution
• Solution: A’ = {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
A U B = {1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10} B’ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9}
(A U B)’ = {2, 4, 5, 6} A’ ∩ B’ = {2, 4, 5, 6 }

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 Example no. 7
Determining Sets from a Venn Diagram

Set to Description of Set Regions in

Determine Venn Diagram
a. A  B set of elements in A or B or Both I,II,III
b. (A  B)’ set of elements in U that are not in A  B IV
c. A  B set of elements in both A and B II
d. (A  B)’ set of elements in U that are not in A  B I, III, IV
e. A’  B set of elements that are not in A and are in B III
f. A  B’ set of elements that are in A or not in B or both
I,II, IV
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 Sets and Precise Use of Everyday English

• Set operations and Venn diagrams provide precise

ways of organizing, classifying, and describing the
vast array of sets and subsets we encounter every
day.

• Or refers to the union of sets

• And refers to the intersection of sets

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 Example 8
The Cardinal Number of the Union of Two Finite
Sets

• Some of the results of the campus blood drive survey

indicated that 490 students were willing to donate
blood, 340 students were willing to help serve a free
breakfast to blood donors, and 120 students were
willing to do both.

How many students were willing to donate blood

or serve breakfast?
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Example 8 continued

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04/11/25 Section 2.3 37
04/11/25 Section 2.3 38
 APPLICATIONS OF SETS
A. Real Life Applications B. Applicable in Other field

Set theory starts very simple; it Nowadays even computer

only examines one thing i.e. whether an scientists describe their basic concept in
object belongs, or does not belong to a set the language of set theory. This is useful
of objects whish has been described in because when you specify an object set
some no ambiguous way. Now coming theoretically, there is no question what
back to real life examples of set, we have you are talking about you can
seen that in kitchen, Utensils are arranged unambiguously answer any question
in such a manner that plates are kept you might have about. Without precise
separately from the spoons. Another definitions it is very difficult to do any
example is when we visit mobile serious mathematics. Set theory is seen
showrooms; we observe that smart as the foundation from which virtually
phones like Galaxy duos, Lumia etc. are all of mathematics can be derived. For
separated from the simple mobiles. So examples, structures in abstract algebra,
there can be infinite examples of set in such as groups, fields and rings are sets
our day to day life. closed under one or more operations.39
 Conclusion

From formulating logical foundation for

geometry, calculus and topology to creating algebra
revolving around field, rings and groups, applications of
set theory are most commonly utilized in science and
mathematics fields like biology, chemistry and physics
as well as in computer and electrical engineering. So
basically for gaining knowledge about any area or field
of Discrete structure and mathematics, data structure,
topology etc. it is very important to know about set
theory because the concept of set theory cannot be
neglected
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