Chapter 20: Electromagnetic Induction

1
Chapter 20: Electromagnetic

Induction
Motional EMF
Electric Generators
Faradays Law
Lenzs Law
Transformers
Eddy Currents
Induced Electric Fields
Mutual- and Self-Inductance
LR Circuits
2
Michael Faraday
1791 1867
Great experimental
scientist
Invented electric motor,
generator and
transformers
Discovered
electromagnetic induction
Discovered laws of
electrolysis
3
Faradays Experiment Set Up
A current can be produced by a changing
magnetic field
First shown in an experiment by Michael Faraday
A primary coil is connected to a battery
A secondary coil is connected to an ammeter
4
Faradays Experiment
The purpose of the secondary circuit is to detect current that might
be produced by the magnetic field

When the switch is closed, the ammeter reads a current and then
returns to zero

When the switch is opened, the ammeter reads a current in the
opposite direction and then returns to zero

When there is a steady current in the primary circuit, the ammeter
reads zero
5
Faradays Conclusions
An electrical current is produced by a changing magnetic
field

The secondary circuit acts as if a source of emf were
connected to it for a short time

It is customary to say that an induced emf is produced in
the secondary circuit by the changing magnetic field
6
Magnetic Flux
The emf is actually induced by a change in the
quantity called the magnetic flux rather than
simply by a change in the magnetic field

Magnetic flux is defined in a manner similar to
that of electrical flux

Magnetic flux is proportional to both the strength
of the magnetic field passing through the plane
of a loop of wire and the area of the loop
7

The magnetic flux is proportional to the number of B-field
lines that cross a given area.
Loop of wire
with area A
u cos BA
B
= u
The unit of magnetic flux is
the weber: 1 Wb = 1 Tm
2

8
Magnetic Flux, final
The flux can be visualized with respect to magnetic field
lines
The value of the magnetic flux is proportional to the total
number of lines passing through the loop

When the area is perpendicular to the lines, the
maximum number of lines pass through the area and the
flux is a maximum

When the area is parallel to the lines, no lines pass
through the area and the flux is 0
9
Electromagnetic Induction
An Experiment
When a magnet moves toward a
loop of wire, the ammeter shows
the presence of a current (a)
When the magnet is held
stationary, there is no current (b)
When the magnet moves away
from the loop, the ammeter shows
a current in the opposite direction
(c)
If the loop is moved instead of the
magnet, a current is also detected
Demo
10
Results of the Experiment
A current is set up in the circuit as long as there
is relative motion between the magnet and the
loop

The same experimental results are found
whether the loop moves or the magnet moves

The current is called an induced current
because is it produced by an induced emf
11
Faradays Law and
The instantaneous emf induced in a circuit equals
the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the
circuit

If a circuit contains N tightly wound loops and the
flux changes by Au
B
during a time interval At, the
average emf induced is given by Faradays Law:

t
N
B
A
Au
= c
12
Faradays Law and Lenz Law
The change in the flux, Au
B
, can be produced by a change
in B, A or u
Since u
B
= B A cos u

The negative sign in Faradays Law is included to indicate the
polarity of the induced emf, which is found by Lenz Law

The current caused by the induced emf travels in the direction
that creates a magnetic field with flux opposing the change in the
original flux through the circuit
13
Motional EMF

F
B
= evB (down)

F
E
= eE (up)

F
E
= F
B
E = Bv

AV = V
top
V
bottom
= EL
c = vBL
14
Induced Current in a Circuit
( ) B L F = I
The magnitude of the magnetic force on the rod is:
R
L vB
LB
R
vBL
ILB ILB F
2 2
90 sin = = = =
Using the right hand rule, the force on the bar is directed
to the left.
15
The motional EMF is
vBL = c
where L is the separation
between the rails.
The current in the rod is
R
vBL
R R
V
I = =
A
=
c
where R is the resistance
in the wires.
To maintain a constant EMF, the rod must be towed to the
right with constant speed. An external agent must do work
on the bar. (Energy conservation)
16
Loop Moving Through a Magnetic Field
17
20.2 Electric Generators
A coil of wire is spun in a magnetic field. This produces
an EMF and also a current; both vary with time. (AC-
alternating current)
An energy source is needed to turn the wire coil. Examples
include burning coal or natural gas to produce steam; falling
water.
18
The EMF produced by an AC generator is:
( ) t t e c c sin
0
=
In the United States and Canada c
0
= 170 volts and f =
e/2t = 60 Hz.
19
20
Faradays Law:
t
N
B
A
Au
= c
An induced EMF in a coil of N loops is due to a changing
magnetic flux.
Ways to induce an EMF:
1. Vary the magnetic field.
2. Vary the area of the coil.
3. Change the angle between B and A.
21
Example: If the magnetic field in a region varies with time
according to the graph shown below, find the magnitude of
the induced EMF in a single loop of wire during the following
time intervals: (a) 0-2.0 ms, (b) 2.0-4.0 ms, and (c) 4.0-8.0
ms. The loop has area 0.500 m
2
and the plane of the loop is
perpendicular to the B-field.
0.50 T
2 4
8
B (T)
t (ms)
22
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
=
|
.
|
\
|
A
Au
=
t
B
A
t
B
c
Using Faradays Law:
This is the slope of
the given B versus
time graph.
Example continued:
23
Example continued:
( ) V. 130
s 10 0 . 2
T 00 0 T 50 . 0
m 500 . 0
3
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
=

. -
t
B
A c
(a) In the interval 0.0-2.0 ms,
( ) V. 0
s 10 0 . 2
T 50 0 T 50 . 0
m 500 . 0
3
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
=

. -
t
B
A c
(b) In the interval 2.0-4.0 ms,
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( ) V. 63
s 10 0 . 4
T 50 0 T 00 . 0
m 500 . 0
3
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
=

. -
t
B
A c
(c) In the interval 4.0-8.0 ms,
Example continued:
25
20.4 Lenzs Law
The direction of induced EMFs and currents always oppose
the change in flux that produced them.
That is, the induced I (and thus induced B) tries
to keep the total flux through the loop constant.
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Example: Towing the bar to the right produced an induced
current that was CCW. What is the direction of the induced
magnetic field?
The induced B is out of the page to maintain the flux
originally through the loop before the bar started to move
to the right (the area of the loop is increasing).

V
L
27
Example (text problem 20.12): A long straight wire carrying a
steady current is in the plane of a circular loop of wire. (a) If
the loop of wire is moved closer to the wire, what is the
direction of the induced current in the wire loop?
I
Wire loop
There is a magnetic field into the page at the location of the
loop. As the loop gets closer to the wire there is an increase
in flux. To negate this increase in flux, the induced B-field
must point out of the page. This requires a CCW current.
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(b) At one instant, the induced EMF in the loop is 3.5 mV.
What is the rate of change of the magnetic flux through
the loop in that instant?
s / Wb 10 5 . 3 mV 5 . 3
3
= =
A
Au
=
t
B
c
Example continued:
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30

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Chapter 20: Electromagnetic

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