Functions and Types of

Functions
What Are Functions in
Mathematics?
• A function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set
of permissible outputs with the property that each input
is related to exactly one output.
What Are Functions in
Mathematics?
• Let A & B be any two non-empty sets; mapping from A
to B will be a function only when every element in set A
has one end and only one image in set B.
What Are Functions in
Mathematics?
• Another definition of functions is that it is a relation “f”
in which each element of set “A” is mapped with only
one element belonging to set “B”. Also, in a function,
there can’t be two pairs with the same first element.
Condition for a Function
Set A and Set B are non-empty.
Set A Domain (input values)
Set B: Co-domain (possible output values
Condition for a Function
Definition of a Function:
For every element "a" in Set A, there is a unique element

This relationship is written as 𝑓(𝑎)=𝑏

"b" in Set B.

as a result: 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑦
Example: If you put "x" into the function, it gives you "y"
Condition for a Function

The range is the set of all outputs (values of 𝑓(𝑥)).

Range of a Function:

It's a part of or the whole of Set B.

Condition for a Function
Real-Valued Function:
If the inputs and outputs are real numbers, it’s called a
real function.
Condition for a Function

Function: 𝑓(𝑥)=2𝑥
Example:

Inputs (Set A): {1, 2, 3}

Outputs (Set B): {2, 4, 6}
Range: {2, 4, 6}
Condition for a Function

Function: 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥^2
Example:

Inputs (Set A): {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}

Outputs (Set B): {4, 1, 0, 1, 4}
Range: {0, 1, 4}
Vertical Line Test:
A vertical line test is used to determine whether a curve
is a function or not. If any curve cuts a vertical line at
more than one point, then the curve is not a function.
Representation of Functions
Functions are generally represented as f(x).
Let , f(x) = x3.
It is said as f of x is equal to x cube.
Functions can also be represented by g(), t(),… etc.
Steps for Solving Functions
Example 1: Find the output of the function g(t) = 6t2 + 5
at
•t=0
•t=2
Steps for Solving Functions
Solution:
The given function is g(t) = 6t2 + 5

At t = 0:
g(0) = 6(0)2 + 5 = 5
At t = 2:
g(2) = 6(2)2 + 5 = 29
Steps for Solving Functions
Example 2: Find the output of the function 𝑓(𝑥)=3𝑥+7

• 𝑥=1
at

• 𝑥=−3
Steps for Solving Functions

The given function is 𝑓(𝑥)=3𝑥+7.

Solution:

At 𝑥=1:
𝑓(1)=3(1)+7=3+7=10
At 𝑥=−3:
𝑓(−3)=3(−3)+7=−9+7=−2
Steps for Solving Functions
Example 3: Find the output of the function 𝑘(𝑥)= x3
−5𝑥+2 at
• 𝑥=2
• 𝑥=−1
Steps for Solving Functions

The given function is 𝑘(𝑥)= x3 −5𝑥+2

Solution:

At 𝑥=2:

At 𝑥=−1:
k(2)=(2) 3 −5(2)+2=8−10+2=0

k(−1)=(−1) 3 −5(−1)+2=−1+5+2=6
Types of Functions
• One-one Function (Injective • Algebraic Functions
Function) • Cubic Function
• Many-one Function • Modulus Function
• Onto Function (Surjective • Signum Function
Function)
• Greatest Integer Function
• Into Function
• Fractional Part Function
• Polynomial Function
• Even and Odd Function
• Linear Function
• Periodic Function
• Identical Function
• Composite Function
• Quadratic Function
• Constant Function
• Rational Function
• Identity Function
Types of
Functions
One-one Function (Injective
Function)
• If each element in the domain of a function has a
distinct image in the co-domain, the function is said to
be a one-one function.
One-one Function (Injective
Function)
Example: f(x)=2x+3 is a one-to-one (injective) function.
Many-one function
• On the other hand, if there are at least two elements in
the domain whose images are the same, the function is
known as many to one.
Many-one function
Example: Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥2 is a many-
to-one function.

For 𝑥=2x=2:
Try two different inputs.

𝑓(2)=(2) 2 =4
For 𝑥=−2 2 =−2:
𝑓(−2)=(−2) 2 =4
Onto Function (Surjective Function)
• An onto function (or surjective function) is one where
every element in the co-domain (the set of possible
outputs) has at least one pre-image (an input) in the
domain.
• In simpler terms, every output is "hit" by the function,
meaning there’s no element left out in the co-domain.
Into Function
• An into function is a type of function where not every
element in the co-domain is an image of some element
in the domain.
• In other words, there are elements in the co-domain
that are left out and do not have any corresponding
input from the domain.
Into Function
Example: consider the function 𝑓(𝑥)=∣𝑥∣, which is the
absolute value function, with domain 𝐴=[−1,1] and co-
domain 𝐵=[−1,1].

For 𝑥=1:
Steps to check the nature of the function:

𝑓(1)=∣1∣=1
For 𝑥=−1:
𝑓(−1)=∣−1∣=1
Polynomial function
A mathematical expression with constants, variables, and
exponents.

General form:

where 𝑛 is a non-negative integer are constants.

Degree of the Polynomial Function:

exponent of 𝑥 in the expression.

The degree of a polynomial function is the highest

The degree is 3 because the highest power of 𝑥 is 3.

Types of Polynomial Functions
Based on Degree:

example, 𝑓(𝑥)=5 (no variable, just a constant).

Constant Function: If the degree is zero. For

𝑓(𝑥)=2𝑥+3.
Linear Function: If the degree is one. For example,

• Graph Type: A straight line.

Types of Polynomial Functions
Based on Degree:
Linear Function: first-degree polynomial where the
input needs to be multiplied by m and added to c. It can
be expressed by f(x) = mx + c.

For example, 𝑓(𝑥)=2𝑥+3.

Linear Function
Another example of a linear function is y = x + 3
Types of Polynomial Functions
Based on Degree:
Quadratic Function: All functions in the form of y =
ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0 will be known as
Quadratic functions.
Types of Polynomial Functions
Based on Degree:

For example, 𝑓(𝑥)= ++𝑥.

Cubic Function: If the degree is three.
Identical Function
Two functions, 𝑓 and 𝑔, are said to be identical functions if they
meet the following conditions:
Same Domain:
The domain of f must be the same as the domain of g.
Df=Dg
Same Range:
The range of f must be the same as the range of g.
Rf=Rg
Same Values for All Inputs:
For every x in the domain, f(x) must be equal to g(x).
f(x)=g(x) for all x ∈ Df and Dg
Identical Function
Two functions, 𝑓 and 𝑔, are said to be identical functions if they
meet the following conditions:
Same Domain:
The domain of f must be the same as the domain of g.
Df=Dg
Same Range:
The range of f must be the same as the range of g.
Rf=Rg
Same Values for All Inputs:
For every x in the domain, f(x) must be equal to g(x).
f(x)=g(x) for all x ∈ Df and Dg
Non-Identical Function
Let’s consider 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)=1/𝑥

For f(x)=x, the domain is all real numbers.

For g(x)=1/x​, the domain is R−{0}, meaning all real
numbers except 0 (because division by 0 is undefined).
Algebraic Functions
An algebraic equation is known as a function that
consists of a finite number of terms involving powers and
roots of independent variable x and fundamental
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division.
Characteristics of Algebraic
Equations:
• Finite Number of Terms: Algebraic equations have a
limited number of terms involving the independent
variable.
• Involves Powers and Roots: The variable x can
appear with powers (e.g., x^2, x^3) or as part of a root
(e.g., ​).
• Uses Basic Operations: Operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division are used to
combine terms.
Constant Function
• The polynomial of 0th degree where f(x) = f(0) = a0 = c.
Regardless of the input, the output always results in a
constant value. The graph for this is a horizontal line.
TEST FOR ODD AND EVEN
FUNCTIONS
A function given by is:
Even function, if
Odd function, If
Neither if,
TEST FOR ODD AND EVEN
FUNCTIONS
Example1.
TEST FOR ODD AND EVEN
FUNCTIONS
Example2.
TEST FOR ODD AND EVEN
FUNCTIONS
Example3.
TEST FOR ODD AND EVEN
FUNCTIONS
Example4.

+2
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
It is a combination of two or more functions in which the
output of any of the given functions is used as input of
the other functions.
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Evaluating Composite Functions
If = , then find,

A. -
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Evaluating Composite Functions
If f (x) = 2x and g(x) = x+1, then find (f∘g)(x) if x =
1.
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Evaluating Composite Functions
If f (x) = 2x and g(x) = x+1, then find (f∘g)(x) if x =
1.
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Evaluating Composite Functions
If f(x) = 2x +1 and g(x) = -x2, then find (g∘f)(x) for
x = 2.
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
If there are three functions, such as f(x) = x, g(x) =
2x and h(x) = 3x. Then find the composition of
these functions such as [f ∘ (g ∘ h)] (x) for x = -1
Inverse Functions
Function that serves to “undo” another function. That is,
if f(x) produces y, then putting y into the inverse
of f produces the output x. A function f that has an
inverse is called invertible and the inverse is denoted by
Guideline for Computing Inverses.
• Write down y=f(x).
• Solve for x in terms of y.
• Switch the x's and y's.
• The result is y= (x).
Finding Inverse Functions
Example:
Find the inverse of the function

Write the original function:

Interchange x and y:
Solve for y:
Thus, the inverse function of y = is:
Finding Inverse Functions
Example:
Find the inverse of the function
Finding Inverse Functions
Example:
Find the inverse of the function
Finding Inverse Functions
Find the inverse for the function f(x) = (3x+2)/(x-1)
Finding Inverse Functions
Given h(x)=5−9x find h^−1(x)
Finding Inverse Functions
Given g(x)=1/2x+7 find g^−1(x)
Asymptotes
An asymptote is a straight line that constantly
approaches a given curve but does not meet at any
infinite distance. In other words, Asymptote is a line that
a curve approaches as it moves towards infinity.
Asymptotes of Rational Functions
Rational functions can have 3 types of asymptotes:
1.Horizontal Asymptotes
2.Vertical Asymptotes
3.Oblique Asymptote

The point to note is that the distance between the curve

and the asymptote tends to be zero as it moves to
infinity or -infinity.
Horizontal Asymptotes

function as 𝑥 approaches positive or negative infinity. It

Horizontal asymptotes describe the behavior of a

shows what value 𝑦 approaches.

Vertical Asymptote
When x approaches some constant value c from left or
right, the curve moves towards infinity (i.e.,∞) , or -
infinity (i.e., -∞) and this is called Vertical Asymptote.x
Oblique Asymptote
When x moves towards infinity (i.e.,∞) , or -infinity (i.e., -
∞), the curve moves towards a line y = mx + b, called
Oblique Asymptote.
Asymptotes
• The asymptotes parallel to the x-axis are found by
equating the coefficient of the highest power of x to
zero.

• The asymptotes parallel to the y-axis are found by

equation the coefficient of the highest power of y to
zero.
Asymptotes other than the x- and
y-axes
To determine asymptotes other than those parallel to x-
and y-axes a simple procedure is:

• Substitute y=mx + c in the given equation

• Equate the coefficients of the two highest powers of x to
zero and determine the values of m and c.
• y=m x + c give the asymptote.
Rational Function Asymptotes
Given a rational function:
To solve for vertical asymptote, equate , and solve for x.
Vertical asymptote: x = a 
Rational Function Asymptotes
The horizontal asymptote may be found from a comparison of
the degree of and the degree of .
If, Degree of < degree of
Asymptotes is: y=0
If, Degree of = degree of
Asymptotes is: y=a/b
Where:
a=leading coefficient of
b=leading coefficient of
Note, rational function no horizontal asymptote if degree of
> degree of
Example 1:
Determine the asymptotes for the function:
Example 1:
Solution:
For the vertical asymptote, equate Q(x)=0.

(x-3)Q(x)
x-3=0
x=3  vertical asymptote
Example 1:
Solution:
For the vertical asymptote, equate Q(x)=0.
Since the degree of the numerator is t he same as the
degree of the denominator, the horizontal asymptote is
ratio of the leading coefficient of P(x) to Q(x).
Example 2:
Determine the asymptotes parallel to the x- and y-axes
for the function: