Lecture # 2

Data Resource BBA-6

Management
Instructor Management
FAISAL ARIF Information Systems
Content

• Introduction to Data Resource Management

• Database Management Overview
• Database Management Functions
• Fundamental Data Concepts
• Data Redundancy and Inconsistency
• Traditional File Management Systems
• Problems with Traditional File Systems
• Advantages of Databases Over File Systems
• Types of Databases
• Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
• Structured Query Language (SQL)
Content

• NoSQL Databases
• Components of a DBMS
• Database Security and Access Control
• Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
• Cloud Databases
• Big Data and Databases
• Real-World Applications of Databases
• Future Trends in Database Management
• Case Study - Amazon’s Use of Databases
• Conclusion
 Introduction to Data Resource Management

• Data resource management involves efficiently handling data to support

decision-making and streamline business processes.
• It ensures data is stored, retrieved, and processed effectively while
maintaining security and integrity.
• Organizations rely on data management for analytics, compliance, and
operational efficiency.
• Poor data management can lead to redundancy, inconsistency, and
security vulnerabilities.
• Key areas include database management, data governance, and data
integration.
 Database Management Overview

• A database is a structured collection of data that can be accessed,

managed, and updated.
• A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that facilitates
database interaction.
• DBMSs help organizations manage large amounts of structured data
efficiently.
• Centralized databases reduce data redundancy and enhance security.
• Common DBMS examples include Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft SQL
Server, and PostgreSQL.
 Database Management Functions

• Data Storage and Retrieval: Organizes and stores data in a structured

format.
• Data Security: Implements access control and encryption to protect
data.
• Data Consistency: Ensures accurate and updated records through
constraints and validations.
• Query Processing: Enables complex data queries using SQL and other
languages.
• Concurrency Control: Allows multiple users to access and modify data
simultaneously without conflicts.
 Fundamental Data Concepts

• Data Hierarchy: Organizes data in increasing levels of

complexity: bits, bytes, fields, records, files, and databases.
• Entity: Represents real-world objects such as employees,
customers, or products.
• Attribute: Descriptive properties of entities, like name, ID,
or price.
• Primary Key: A unique identifier that distinguishes records
in a database.
 Data Redundancy and Inconsistency

• Data Redundancy: Duplication of data in different locations, leading

to inefficiencies.
• Inconsistency: Conflicting versions of the same data across different
files or systems.
• Impact: Increases storage costs and complicates data maintenance.
• Challenges: Integrating data from multiple sources and ensuring
accuracy.
• Solution: Implementing a centralized database system with proper
data governance.
 Traditional File Management Systems

• Organizing and storing data in individual files rather than a

structured database.
• Characteristics:
• Lacks a standard structure and organization.
• Separate files for each application or department.
• Often requires manual handling and duplication of data.
• Example: Old payroll systems where employee details are
stored in multiple spreadsheets.
 Problems with Traditional File Systems

• Data Redundancy: Increases storage and backup complexities.

• Data Inconsistency: Leads to inaccurate records across files.
• Lack of Flexibility: Hard to adapt to changes or new
requirements.
• Security Risks: Higher chances of unauthorized access due to
unstructured formats.
• Data Isolation: Difficulty in integrating information across
multiple files.
 Advantages of Databases Over File Systems

• Redundancy Reduction: Eliminates duplicate data entries through

normalization.
• Consistency: Ensures all data remains accurate and up to date.
• Security: Restricts access through authentication and encryption.
• Efficient Querying: Enables fast and precise data retrieval using
SQL.
• Centralized Management: Improves accessibility and
administration of data.
 Types of Databases

Relational Databases (SQL)

• Store data in structured tables with rows and columns.
• Use SQL (Structured Query Language) for data operations.
• Ensure data consistency with ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
Durability).
• Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, SQL Server, Oracle DB.

NoSQL Database
• Designed for scalability and flexibility.
• Do not rely on structured tables; use different data models.
• Examples: Firebase
 Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)

• Stores data in tabular format with relations between tables.

• Uses SQL for querying and managing data.
• Ensures data integrity through constraints like primary keys
and foreign keys.
• Supports ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
properties.
• Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle.
 Structured Query Language (SQL)

• SQL is a standard language used to communicate with relational databases.

• Functions: Used for querying, updating, and managing data.
• Key Commands:
• SELECT: Retrieves data.
• INSERT: Adds new data.
• UPDATE: Modifies existing data.
• DELETE: Removes data.
• Example: Retrieving customer records from a database.
• Importance: SQL ensures efficient and secure data access in structured databases.
 NoSQL Database

• NoSQL (Not Only SQL) databases are designed to

handle large amounts of unstructured or semi-
structured data that doesn't fit neatly into the rows and
columns of a relational database.
• They offer high scalability, flexibility, and performance,
especially in modern applications where data models
evolve quickly.
• Examples: Firebase
 Components of a DBMS

• Hardware: Physical storage devices and processing

units.
• Software: DBMS applications and database utilities.
• Data: Information stored in databases.
• Users: Database administrators, developers, and end-
users.
• Procedures: Guidelines and best practices for database
usage.
 Database Security and Access Control

• Authentication: Verifying user identities before granting access.

• Authorization: Assigning permissions based on user roles.
• Encryption: Protecting data from unauthorized access during
transmission and storage.
• Backup & Recovery: Ensuring data is recoverable in case of failures.
• Audit Logs: Keeping records of database activities for security
tracking.
• Example: Secure banking transactions using role-based access
controls.
 Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence

• Data Warehousing: A central repository for storing and

integrating large datasets from multiple sources.
• ETL Process: Extract, Transform, and Load data into the
warehouse.
• Business Intelligence (BI): Analysing data for trends and
decision-making.
• Example: Retail companies analysing sales trends for
better marketing strategies.
 Cloud Databases

• Databases hosted on cloud platforms instead of on-premises servers.

• Advantages:
• Scalability: Expandable based on demand.
• Cost-Efficiency: Pay-per-use pricing model.
• Remote Accessibility: Accessible from anywhere.
• Examples:
• Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service)
• Google BigQuery
• Microsoft Azure SQL Database
• Use Case: E-commerce sites handling real-time customer data.
 Big Data and Databases

• Big Data Characteristics: Volume, Velocity, Variety.

• Technologies Used:
• Hadoop: Distributed data storage.
• Spark: Real-time data processing.
• NoSQL Databases: Handling unstructured and semi-structured data.
• Applications:
• Predictive analytics for customer preferences.
• Fraud detection in banking.
• Example: Social media analytics for targeted advertising.
 Real-World Applications of Databases

• Healthcare: Electronic Medical Records (EMR) for patient

management.
• Banking: Secure transaction processing and fraud detection.
• Retail: Customer relationship management (CRM) for
personalized marketing.
• Education: Student performance tracking and course
recommendations.
• Example: Amazon’s recommendation system using AI-driven
databases.
 Future Trends in Database Management

• AI and Machine Learning Integration: Enhancing automation

and analytics.
• Blockchain in Databases: Ensuring data security and
transparency.
• Edge Computing: Decentralized data processing closer to the
source.
• Quantum Databases: Potential for ultra-fast computing
capabilities.
• Example: AI-powered cybersecurity monitoring databases.
 Case Study - Amazon’s Use of Databases

• Centralized Data Management: Handling product catalogs

globally.
• AI-Powered Recommendations: Using customer data for
personalized suggestions.
• Real-Time Inventory Tracking: Ensuring stock availability and fast
delivery.
• Scalability: AWS DynamoDB and RDS supporting high-traffic loads.
• Impact: Enhancing user experience and increasing sales through
data-driven insights.
Conclusion

• SQL as the backbone of relational databases.

• Security and access control as critical aspects of
database management.
• Data warehousing and BI enabling data-driven
decision-making.
• Cloud databases offering scalability and cost-
efficiency.
• Big data shaping modern business insights.