Lecture 5

Loops

Md. Morshed Ali

Lecturer, Dept. Of CSE
Uttara University
[email protected]

1
Outline

1. Motivate Loop Statement

2. While Loop Statement
3. do-while Loop Statement
4. for Loop Statement
5. Infinite Loops
6. Nested Loops
7. Using break and continue

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Motivation

Suppose that you need to print a string (e.g., "Welcome to Java!") a

thousand times. It would be tedious to have to write the following
statement a hundred times:

System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

So, how do you solve this problem?

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Motivation

Problem:
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

1000 …
times …
…
…
…
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Motivation

A solution using While Loop:

int count = 0;
while (count < 1000)
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

A solution using for Loop:

for (int count=1; count <= 1000; count=count+1)
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

1. Loop Statements

 Loops are repetition statements that allow us to execute a statement (or

block of statements) multiple times
 Like conditional statements, they are controlled by boolean
expressions
 Java has three types of loop statements:
 the while loop
 the do-while loop
 the for loop
 The programmer should choose the right type of loop for the situation
at hand

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Loop Statements

 The while and do-while loops are also called conditional loops since
they use boolean expressions to control the loop behavior
 The while and do-while loops run un-determined (unknown) number
of iterations (some call them non-deterministic loops)
 The for loop, on the other hand, runs a pre-determined (known)
number of iterations (some call it deterministic loop or counting loop)

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

2. while Loop Statement

 A while loop (statement) has the following syntax:

while (condition)
statement block; //loop body
• If the condition is true, the statement block is
executed

• Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is

still true, the statement is executed again

• The statement is executed repeatedly until the

condition becomes false

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

while Loop Logic

condition
evaluated
Note: If the initial evaluation
of the condition is false,
true the loop body executes
false
zero times. Therefore, the
Statement while loop executes zero or
block more times
(loop body)

Next Line

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace while Loop

Initialize count
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace while Loop, cont.

(count < 2) is true

int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace while Loop, cont.

Print Welcome to Java

int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace while Loop, cont.

Increase count by 1
int count = 0; count is 1 now

while (count < 2) {

System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
count++;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace while Loop, cont.

(count < 2) is still true since count is 1

int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
count++;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace while Loop, cont.

Print Welcome to Java

int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
count++;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace while Loop, cont.

Increase count by 1
int count = 0; count is 2 now

while (count < 2) {

System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
count++;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace while Loop, cont.

(count < 2) is false since count is 2

int count = 0; now

while (count < 2) {

System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
count++;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace while Loop

The loop exits. Execute the next

int count = 0; statement after the loop.

while (count < 2) {

System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
count++;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

while Loop Example

 An example of a while statement:

int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
System.out.println (count);
count = count + 1;
}
• If the condition is false initially, the statement
(loop body) is never executed
• Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute
zero or more times

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 while Loop Sentinel Value

Question: How can we control a while loop?

 A sentinel value is a special input value that represents the end of inputs
from the user
 The sentinel value should be included in the prompt so that the user knows
how to stop the loop. For example,
System.out.println(“Enter a grade (type 9999 to quit):
”);
 A sentinel value gives the user control over the loop
 See Average.java next slide

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Sentinel Value Example

// Demonstrates the use of a while loop using a sentinel value

import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Average
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ int sum = 0, value, count = 0;
double average;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter an integer (0 to quit): ");
value = scan.nextInt();
while (value != 0) //sentinel value of 0 to terminate loop
{ count = count + 1;
sum = sum + value;
System.out.println ("The sum so far is " + sum);
System.out.print ("Enter an integer (0 to quit): ");
value = scan.nextInt();
}
System.out.println ();
if (count == 0)
System.out.println ("No values were entered.");
else
System.out.println ("Sum of all values = " + sum);
}
} Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
while Loops for Input Validation

 A while loop can be used for input validation, making a program

more robust
 Input validation allows the program to ensure correct input values
before the input is processed
 It also allows the program to issue error messages to the user when
invalid data is entered
 See WinPercentage.java next slide

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Input Validation Example

// Demonstrates the use of a while loop for input validation

import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class WinPercentage
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int NUM_GAMES = 12;
int won;
double ratio;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter the number of games won (0 to "
+ NUM_GAMES + "): ");
won = scan.nextInt();
//input validation
while (won < 0 || won > NUM_GAMES)
{
System.out.print ("Invalid input. Please reenter: ");
won = scan.nextInt();
}
ratio = (double)won / NUM_GAMES;
NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance();
System.out.println ();
System.out.println ("Winning percentage: " + fmt.format(ratio));
}
} Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
3. do-while Loop

 A do-while loop has the following syntax:

do
{
statement block;
} while (condition)

• The statement is executed once initially, and then

the condition is evaluated

• The statement is executed repeatedly until the

condition becomes false

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Logic of do-while Loop

Statement condition
Block evaluated
Loop body
true false
true
Statement
block
condition
evaluated

While Loop
false

Next Line

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

do-while Loop Example

 An example of a do loop:
int count = 0;
do
{
count = count +1;
System.out.println (count);
} while (count < 5);

• The body of a do loop executes at least once

• See ReverseNumber.java next slide

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 do-while Loop Example

// Demonstrates the use of a do loop

import java.util.Scanner;
public class ReverseNumber
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int number, lastDigit, reverse = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter a positive integer: ");
number = scan.nextInt();

do
{
lastDigit = number % 10;
reverse = (reverse * 10) + lastDigit;
number = number / 10;
} while (number > 0);

System.out.println ("That number reversed is " + reverse);

}
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 For Loop

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

4. for Loop

 A for statement has the following syntax:

The initialization The statement is

is executed once executed until the
before the loop beginscondition becomes false

for (initialization; condition; increment)

statement;
The increment portion is
executed at the end of each
iteration

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

for Loop Logic

While Loop

initialization condition
evaluated

condition true false

evaluated statement
block
true false

statement block
Like a while loop, the condition of a for
increment loop is tested prior to executing the loop
body. Therefore, the for loop body will
execute zero or more times

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop

Declare i
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop, cont.

Execute initializer
i is now 0
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop, cont.

(i < 2) is true
since i is 0
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop, cont.

Print Welcome to Java

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop, cont.

Execute adjustment statement

i now is 1
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop, cont.

(i < 2) is still true

since i is 1
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop, cont.

Print Welcome to Java

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop, cont.

Execute adjustment statement

i now is 2
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop, cont.

(i < 2) is false
since i is 2
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 Trace for Loop, cont.

Exit the loop. Execute the next

statement after the loop
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

for Loop as a while Loop

 A for loop is functionally equivalent to the following while loop

structure:

for (initialization; condition; increment)

statement block;

initialization;
while (condition)
{
statement block;
increment;
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

for to while Loop Example

 The for loop:

for (int count=1; count <= 5; count = count+1)

System.out.println (count);

• The initialization section can be used to declare a

variable, making it is local valuable to the loop
body.

int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
System.out.println (count);
count = count + 1;
}
Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
for Loop Example

 The increment section can perform any calculation

for (int num = 100; num > 0; num = num - 5)

System.out.println (num);

• A for loop is well suited for executing statements

a specific number of times that can be calculated
or determined in advance

• See Multiples.java next slide

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

 for Loop Example

// Demonstrates the use of a for loop to print multiples of a number

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Multiples
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int PER_LINE = 5;
int value, limit, multiple, count = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter a positive value: ");
value = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter an upper limit: ");
limit = scan.nextInt();
System.out.println ();
System.out.println ("The multiples of " + value + " between " +
value + " and " + limit + " (inclusive) are:");
for (multiple = value; multiple <= limit; multiple = multiple + value)
{
System.out.print (multiple + "\t");
// Print a specific number of values per line of output
count = count + 1;
if (count % PER_LINE == 0)
System.out.println(); // go to next line
}
}
} Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
5. Infinite Loops

 The body of a while loop eventually must make the condition false

 If not, it is called an infinite loop, which will execute until the user
interrupts the program
 This is a common logical error

 You should always double check the logic of a program to ensure that
your loops will terminate normally

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Example

 An example of an infinite loop:

int count = 1;
while (count <= 25)
{
System.out.println (count);
count = count - 1; //Error
}

• This loop will continue executing until interrupted

(Control-C) or until an underflow error occurs

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Be Careful!

 If the condition is left out, it is always considered to be true, and

therefore creates an infinite loop

 If the increment is left out, no increment operation is performed, and

therefore creates an infinite loop

for (int count=1; count <= 5; count = count+1)

System.out.println (count);

for ( ; ; ) { Equivalent while (true) {

//Do something //Do something
} }

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

6. Nested Loops

 Similar to nested if statements, loops can be nested as well

 That is, the body of a loop can contain other loop statements

 For each iteration of the outer loop, the inner loop iterates completely

 See PalindromeTester.java next slide

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Example

// Demonstrates the use of nested while loops.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class PalindromeTester
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ String str, another = "y";
int left, right;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
while (another.equalsIgnoreCase("y")) // allows y or Y
{
System.out.println ("Enter a potential palindrome string:");
str = scan.nextLine();
left = 0;
right = str.length() - 1;
while (str.charAt(left) == str.charAt(right) && left < right)
{
left = left + 1;
right = right - 1;
}
System.out.println();
if (left < right)
System.out.println ("That string is NOT a palindrome.");
else
System.out.println ("That string IS a palindrome.");
System.out.println();
System.out.print ("Test another palindrome (y/n)? ");
another = scan.nextLine();
}
}
} Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Example

// Demonstrates the use of nested for loops to print starts

public class Stars
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int MAX_ROWS = 10;
*
**
for (int row = 1; row <= MAX_ROWS; row++) ***
{ ****
*****
for (int star = 1; star <= row; star++) ******
System.out.print ("*"); *******
********
*********
System.out.println(); **********
}
}
}

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Nested Loops Iterations

How many times will the string "I am here" be printed?

// Demonstrates the use of nested loops

public class NestedLoops
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ String str, another = "y";

int count1 = 1;
while (count1 <= 10)
{
int count2 = 1;
while (count2 <= 5)
{
System.out.println("I am here!");
count2 = count2 + 1;
}
System.out.println(); // blank line
count1 = count1 + 1;
}
}
} Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
7. Using break and continue

Examples for using the break statement:

// demonstrate break statement
public class TestBreak {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;

while (number < 20)

{
number = number + 1;
sum = sum + number;
if (sum >= 100) // stop if sum is over 100
break;
}

System.out.println("The number is " + number);

System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
}
}
Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Using break and continue

Examples for using the continue statement:

// demonstrate continue statement
public class TestContinue {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;

while (number < 10) {

number = number + 1;
if (number == 5 || number == 6)
continue; // do not add 5 and 6 to sum
sum = sum + number;
}

System.out.println("The number is " + number);

System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);

}
}
Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
End of Lecture 5
Thank You

55