Lecture 4

Selections

Md. Morshed Ali

Lecturer, Dept. Of CSE
Uttara University
[email protected]

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Outline

1. Flow of Control
2. Conditional Statements
3. The if Statement
4. The if-else Statement
5. The Conditional operator
6. The Switch Statement
7. Useful Hints

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
1. Flow of Control

 The order of statement execution is called the flow of control

 Unless specified otherwise, the order of statement execution through a
method is linear (sequential): one statement after another in sequence
 Some programming statements allow us to:
 decide whether or not to execute a particular statement
 execute a statement over and over, repetitively

 These selection (decision) statements are based on boolean expressions

(or conditions) that evaluate to true or false

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
2. Selection/Conditional Statements

 A Selection (conditional) statement allows us to choose which

statement (or block of statements) will be executed next.
 Java selection statements are:

 if statement - allows one option

 if-else statement - allows two options
 switch statement - allows multiple options

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 3. The if Statement

 The if statement has the following syntax:

The condition must be a

boolean expression. It must
evaluate to either true or
if is a Java false.
reserved word

if (condition)
{
statementBlock;
};

If the condition is true, the statementBlock is executed.

If it is false, the statementBlock is skipped.
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Logic of if statement

Stateme
nt
1 grade = 70;
2 If (grade>= 90)
condition 3 System.out.println("You got an
evaluated "A");
4 System.out.println("This is line 4");

true false
Statement
Block 1 grade = 95;
2 If (grade>= 90)
3 System.out.println("You got an
"A");
4 System.out.println("This is line 4");
Stateme
nt
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Boolean Expressions

 A condition often uses one of Java's equality operators or relational

operators, which all return boolean results:

== equal to
!= not equal to
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to

 Note the difference between the equality operator (==) and the
assignment operator (=)

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Example - if Statement

 An example of an if statement:

if (sum > MAX)

delta = sum - MAX;
System.out.println ("The sum is " + sum);

• First, the condition is evaluated -- the value of sum is

either greater than the value of MAX, or it is not

• If the condition is true, the assignment statement is

executed -- if it isn’t (i.e., false), the assignment
statement is skipped.

• Either way, the call to println is executed next

• See Age.java next slide

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Example - if Statement

// Age.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Age
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int MINOR = 21;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter your age: ");
int age = scan.nextInt();
System.out.println ("You entered: " + age);

if (age < MINOR)

System.out.println ("Youth is a wonderful thing. Enjoy!")

System.out.println ("Age is a state of mind.");

}
}
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Indentation

 The statement controlled by the if statement is indented to indicate

that relationship
 The use of a consistent indentation style makes a program easier to
read and understand
 Although it makes no difference to the compiler, proper indentation is
crucial for code readability and debugging

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Expressions

 What do the following statements do?

if (top >= MAXIMUM)

top = 0;
//next statement starts here
Sets top to zero if the current value of top is greater
than or equal to the value of MAXIMUM
if (total != stock + warehouse)
inventoryError = true;
// next statement starts here
Sets a flag to true if the value of total is not equal to
the sum of stock and warehouse

• Note: the precedence of arithmetic operators is higher than

the precedence of equality and relational operators. 11

Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU

Logical Operators

 Boolean expressions can also use the following logical operators:

! Logical NOT
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
^ Logical XOR (exclusive OR)
 They all take boolean operands and produce boolean results
 Logical NOT is a unary operator (it operates on one operand)
 Logical AND, OR, and XOR are binary operators (each operates on
two operands)

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Logical Operators

 The logical NOT operation is also called logical negation or logical

complement
 If some boolean condition a is true, then !a is false; if a is false,
then !a is true
 Logical expressions can be shown using a truth table

boolean a !a
true false
false true

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Logical Operators

 The logical AND expression

a && b
is true if both a and b are true, and false otherwise
 The logical OR expression

a || b
is true if a or b or both are true, and false otherwise
 The logical XOR expression

a ^ b
is true if and only if a and b are different.

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Logical Operators

 A truth table shows all possible true-false combinations of the terms

 Since &&, ||, and ^ each have two operands, there are four possible
combinations of conditions a and b (boolean expressions)

a b a && b a || b a ^ b
true true true true false
true false false true true
false true false true true
false false false false false
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Boolean Expressions

 Expressions that use logical operators can form complex conditions

if (total < MAX + 5 && !found)

System.out.println ("Processing…");

• Mathematical operators have higher precedence

than the Relational and Logical operators
• Relational operators have higher precedence than
Logical operators

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Boolean Expressions

 Specific expressions can be evaluated using truth tables

 Given X = total < MAX && !found
What is the values of X ?

total < MAX !found X = total < MAX && !found

true true true
true false false
false true false
false false false

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Operator Precedence

var++, var-- Postfix increment

++var, --var Prefix increment
+, - unary operators

(type) Casting and parenthesis

! Not

*, /, % Math operators
+, - Math operators
<, <=, >, >= Relational operators
==, != Relational equality
^ Exclusive OR
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= Assignment operators
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Operator Precedence

Applying operator precedence and associativity rule to the

expression: 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1

3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 > 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 > 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 > 35 – 1
(5) subtraction
19 > 34
(6) greater than
false
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
4. The if-else Statement

 An else clause can be added to an if statement to make an if-else

statement
if ( condition )
statementBlock1;
else
statementBlock2;

• If the condition is true, statementBlock1 is

executed; if the condition is false, statementBlock2
is executed

• One or the other will be executed, but not both

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Logic of an if-else statement

Statement

condition
evaluated

true false

StatementBlock
StatementBlock2
1

Statement 21
Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

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• See Wages.java example next slide.
Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Example

// Wages.java
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Wages
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final double RATE = 8.25; //regular pay rate
final int STANDARD = 40; //weekly hours
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); //scanner object
double pay = 0.0; // initialization
System.out.print ("Enter the number of hours worked: ");
//prompt
int hours = scan.nextInt(); //read input value
System.out.println (); //print blank line
// Pay overtime at "time and a half"
if (hours > STANDARD)
pay = STANDARD * RATE + (hours-STANDARD) * (RATE * 1.5);
else
pay = hours * RATE;
NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();//format
System.out.println ("Gross earnings: " +
fmt.format(pay));//output
}
}
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Indentation - Revisited

 Remember that indentation is for the human reader, and is ignored by

the computer

if (total > MAX)

System.out.println ("Error!!");
errorCount++;

Despite what is implied by the indentation, the increment

will occur whether the condition is true or not

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Block Statements

 Several statements can be grouped together into a block statement

delimited by braces

if (total > MAX)

{
System.out.println ("Error!!");
errorCount++;
// more statements…
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Block Statements

 In an if-else statement, the if portion, or the else portion, or

both, could be block statements
if (total > MAX)
{
System.out.println ("Error!!");
errorCount++;
}
else
{
System.out.println ("Total: " + total);
current = total * 2;
}

• See Guessing.java next slide.

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Example

// Guessing.java
import java.util.*;
public class Guessing
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int MAX = 10;
int answer, guess;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); //scanner object
Random generator = new Random(); //number generator object
answer = generator.nextInt(MAX) + 1; //generate a number
System.out.print ("I'm thinking of a number between 1"
+ "and " + MAX + ". Guess what it is: ");
guess = scan.nextInt(); //read user input
if (guess == answer)
System.out.println ("You got it! Good guessing!");
else
{
System.out.println ("That is not correct!");
System.out.println ("The number was " + answer);
}
}
}
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
5. The Conditional Operator

 Java has a conditional operator that uses a boolean condition to

determine which of two expressions is evaluated
 Its syntax is:

condition ? expression1 : expression2

 If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated; if it is false,
expression2 is evaluated
 The conditional operator is ternary because it requires three operands

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
The Conditional Operator

 The conditional operator is similar to an if-else statement, except that it

is an expression that returns a value
 For example:

larger = ((num1 > num2) ? num1 : num2);

 If num1 is greater than num2, then num1 is assigned to larger;
otherwise, num2 is assigned to larger
 Same as if (num1 > num2)
larger = num1;
else
larger = num2;

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
The Conditional Operator

 Another example:

System.out.println ("Your change is " + count +

((count == 1) ? "Dime" : "Dimes"));

• If count equals 1, then "Dime" is printed

• If count is anything other than 1, then "Dimes" is

printed

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Nested if Statements

 The statement executed as a result of an if statement or else clause

could be another if statement
 These are called nested if statements

 Java Rule: An else clause is matched to the last unmatched if (no

matter what the indentation implies)
 Braces can be used to specify the if statement to which an else
clause belongs
 See MinOfThree.java next slide

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Example

// MinOfThree.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MinOfThree
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ int num1, num2, num3, min = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println ("Enter three integers: ");
num1 = scan.nextInt();
num2 = scan.nextInt();
num3 = scan.nextInt(); if (num1 < num2)
if (num1 < num2) min = num1;
if (num1 < num3) else
min = num1; min = num2;
else
min = num3;
else if (num3 < min)
if (num2 < num3) min = num3;
min = num2;
else
min = num3;
System.out.println ("Minimum value: " + min);
} 36
} Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
6. Switch Statement

 The switch statement provides another way to decide which statement

to execute next
 The switch statement evaluates an expression, then attempts to
match the result to one of several possible cases (options)
 Each case contains a value and a list of statements

 The flow of control transfers to statement associated with the first case
value that matches

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Syntax

 The general syntax of a switch statement is:

switch (expression)
switch {
and case value1:
case statement_List1
are break;
reserved case value2:
statement_List2
words
break; If expression
case value3: matches value2,
statement_List3 control jumps
break;
case ... to here

default:
statement_List
} 38
Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
break Statement

 Often a break statement is used as the last statement in each case's statement
list
 A break statement causes control to transfer to the end of the switch
statement
 If a break statement is not used, the flow of control will continue into the
next case
 Sometimes this may be appropriate, but often we want to execute only the
statements associated with one case

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace switch statement

Suppose day is 2:

switch (day) { //day is of type int

case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace switch statement

Match case 2

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace switch statement

Match case 2

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace switch statement

Fall through case 3

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace switch statement

Fall through case 4

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace switch statement

Fall through case 5

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace switch statement

Printout Weekday

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace switch statement

Encounter break

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Trace switch statement

Exit the statement

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Default Case

 A switch statement can have an optional default case

 The default case has no associated value and simply uses the reserved
word default
 If the default case is present, control will transfer to the default case if
no other case value matches
 If there is no default case, and no other value matches, control falls
through to the statement after the switch statement

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Example

switch (option) //option is of type char

{
case 'A':
aCount = aCount + 1;
break;
case 'B':
bCount = bCount + 1;
break;
case 'C':
cCount = cCount + 1;
break;
default:
System.out.println ("Invalid Option…")
}
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Switch Statement Expression

 The expression of a switch statement must result in an integer type

(byte, short, int, long) or a char type.
 It cannot be a boolean value or a floating point value (float or
double)
 You cannot perform relational checks with a switch statement

 See GradeReport.java next slide

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Example

import java.util.Scanner;
public class GradeReport
{ public static void main (String[] args)
{ ... Some other code here
grade = scan.nextInt();
category = grade / 10;
System.out.print ("That grade is ");
switch (category)
{
case 10:
System.out.println ("a perfect score, well done.");
break;
case 9:
System.out.println ("well above average. Excellent.");
break;
case 8:
System.out.println ("above average. Nice job.");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println ("average.");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println ("below average. Do better!");
break;
default:
System.out.println ("not passing.");
}
} 52
} Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
7. Useful Hints

if i > 0 {
System.out.println("i is positive"); //wrong
}

if (i > 0) {
System.out.println("i is positive"); //correct
}

===================================================

if (i > 0) {
System.out.println("i is positive");
}

Same as

if (i > 0)
System.out.println("i is positive");

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Useful Hints

Nested if statements and style issue.

if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A'; grade = 'A';
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivalen grade = 'B';
grade = 'B'; t else if (score >= 70.0)
else grade = 'C';
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'C'; grade = 'D';
else else
if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'F';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
 Useful Hints

The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the same block.

int i = 1; int i = 1;
int j = 2; int j = 2;
int k = 3; int k = 3;
Equivalent
if (i > j) if (i > j)
if (i > k) if (i > k)
System.out.println("A"); System.out.println("A");
else else
System.out.println("B"); System.out.println("B");

if (even == true) Equivalent if (even)

System.out.println( System.out.println(
"It is even."); "It is even.");
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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Useful Hints

Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common mistake.

if (radius >= 0); <=== Wrong

{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}

This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error or a runtime

error, it is a logical error.

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Md. Morshed Ali, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UU
Thank You

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