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Physical Chemsitry Lecture 2

The document is a lecture on Chemical Kinetics covering topics such as reaction rates, orders of reactions, rate laws, and methods for determining rates. It includes mathematical representations of rates, examples, and typical plots for analyzing kinetic data. Additionally, it poses questions for students to apply their understanding of the concepts presented.

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bkandol98
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2 views19 pages

Physical Chemsitry Lecture 2

The document is a lecture on Chemical Kinetics covering topics such as reaction rates, orders of reactions, rate laws, and methods for determining rates. It includes mathematical representations of rates, examples, and typical plots for analyzing kinetic data. Additionally, it poses questions for students to apply their understanding of the concepts presented.

Uploaded by

bkandol98
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

• Introduction to Chemical Kinetics


• Determining rates of reactions
• Orders of reactions
• Rate laws
• The integration method/ plots
• Half-life and time constant
• Initial Rate & Isolation methods
• Collision Theory vs Transition State Theory
• Temperature effect on rates; Arrhenius
• Beer-Lambert Law
Easy Maths- Don’t be scared!!!
• Rate can be written as:

Rate of change of Change in concentration


Rate = =
concentration
Change in time

d[A]
v =
dt
Rates for product (P) and reagent (R)
d[P]
Rate =
dt
Minus as its
consumption
of reagent
OR
d[R]
Rate = -
dt
d[R]
Rate =
d[P]
dt = - dt
Rates for simple case
A + B C + D

Rate = -
d[A]
= - d[B]
=
d[C]
=
d[D]
dt dt dt dt
What about a more complicated case?

A 2B

Rate = d[D] =
dt
In general

aA + bB cC + dD

- 1 d[A] 1 d[B] 1d[C] = 1d[D]


Rate = a =- =
dt b dt c dt d dt
Worked example
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

v= = =

• If the rate of formation of NH3 is 0.1 mol dm-


s ……..
3 -1

• What is the rate of consumption of N2 and


H2?????
Representation of kinetic data
• Most convenient to use _______________

• Plot ______________________________
on the x-axis
• Plot ______________________________
__________________________________
______________________on the y-axis

• Rate of reaction can then be obtained ___


__________________________________
Calculation of a slope: gradient
• Easiest case- _________________

35

30

25
-3
[A]/ mol dm

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time/ s

• The equation of the line is: ____________


Gradient calculation
35

30

25
-3
[A]/ mol dm

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time/ s

y
= = = = =
x
Typical plot of [A] vs time
1.0

[A]/ mol dm-3 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time/ s

This plot shows the ___________________


Overall
Time/ s Rate/ mol dm-3 s-1

0 0.2
5 0.07
10 0.03

• _______________ rate of change of [A]


• _________________
• ____________________________
Typical plots
• Get used to plotting graphs and how to
interpret them
A B
1.0

[A]
0.8
[B]
[X]/ mol dm-3

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time/ s
What about this case?
A 2B

2.0
1.8
1.6 [A]
1.4
[B]
[X]/ mol dm-3

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time/ s
A tricky one!
• A reaction where an intermediate is formed
A I B

[A]
[B]
[X]

[I]

time
• An intermediate is __________________________ during the reaction
A tricky one!
• A byproduct is also formed
A I B + C

[A]
[B]
[X]

[I]
[C]

time
• You must be able to identify each species
Questions
1. In mathematical terms, how would you write the rate
of change of chloride ion concentration?

2. Write down the rate of the following reaction in terms


of reactant and product concentrations.
N2O5(g) + NO(g)  3NO2(g)

3. What is the rate of consumption of N 2O5 and NO, if the


rate of production of NO2 is 4.5 mol dm-3 s-1?
Questions
4. Plot [A] against time.

time/ s [A]/ mol dm-3


0 3
2 2.4
4 1.8
6 1.2
8 0.6
10 0

What is the gradient? What are the units of the


gradient?
5. Identify the species in the below graph

[X] A I B + C

time

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