REVIEW OF PER-

SONALITY DEVEL-
OPMENT

Mrs. Ruth Khajekar

Lecturer, MKSSS,BTINE, Pune
Welcome!!
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Introduction
2. Definition and terminologies
3. Characteristics of personality
4. Determinants of personality
5. Theories of personality
6. Psychometric assessment
of personality
7. Conclusion
INTRODUCTION OF CONCEPTS

• The word personality comes from the Latin root

“persona”, meaning “mask”. According to this root,
personality is the impression we make on others;
the mask we present to the world.
• The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts
and interacts with others.
 DEFINITIONS

• J.B.Watson : “ Personality is the sum of activities that

can be discovered by actual observations over a long
enough period of time to give reliable information”.
• Wikipedia : Personality is defined as the characteristic
sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that
evolve from biological and environmental factors
 Personality : Some related terms
• Personality : a person’s internally based characteristics way of
acting and thinking
• Character : personal characteristics that have been judged
or evaluated
• Temperament : hereditary aspects of personality, including
sensitivity, mood , irritability and distractibility
• Personality Trait : stable qualities that a person shows in most
situations
• Personality Type : people who have several traits in common
 Characteristics of Personality
• Consistency: There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to be-
haviors. Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety
of situations.
• Psychological and physiological: Personality is a psychological construct,
but research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and
needs.
• Behaviors and actions: Personality not only influences how we move and
respond in our environment, but it also causes us to act in certain ways.
• Multiple expressions: Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It
can also be seen in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships, and other so-
cial interactions
 Determinants of Personality
Environ- Heredity/ Psycholog- Social and
Person
ment Biological ical cultural
• Skills & • Family • Physique • Aspiration • Home
abilities • Geography • Intelli- • Aptitude • Parents
• Personal- • Life pattern gence & attitude • Parental
ity • Childhood • Sex dif- • Interest attitude
• Percep- experience
ference • Motivation • School
• Neighbor-
tions • Nervous • Intellec- environ-
hood
• Attitudes • system tual level ment
Friends
• Values • School • Chemical • Cultural
• Ethics • Media organiza- environ-
• Cloths tion ments
• culture
•
Theories of Personality

Psychoanalytic
Trait theories
perspectives

Humanist theo- Behavioral

ries theories
 Type theory
Type theories are the early perspectives on personality. These
theories suggested that there are a limited number of "personality
types" that are related to biological influences, including:
1. Jung’s Classification
2. Kretschmer’s Classification
3. Sheldon’s Classification
4. Friedman’s & Rosenman’s Classification
5. Hippocrate’s Classification
Jung’s Classification
Friedman’s & Rosenman’s Classification
Type A: perfectionist, impatient, competitive, work-obsessed,
achievement-oriented, aggressive, stressed

Type B: low stress, even-tempered, flexible, creative, adaptable

to change, patient, tendency to procrastinate

Type C: highly conscientious, perfectionists, struggle to reveal

emotions (positive and negative)

Type D: feelings of worry, sadness, irritability, pessimistic outlook,

negative self-talk, avoidance of social situations, lack of self-confi-
dence, fear of rejection, appearing gloomy, hopelessness
Kretschmer’s Classification
Sheldon’s Classification
Hippocrate’s Classification
 Trait theories
Trait theory tend to view personality as the result of in-
ternal characteristics that are genetically based and in-
clude:
1. Allport’s theory
2. Cattell’s Theory
 Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory
In 1936, psychologist Gordon Allport found that one English-language dictionary alone con-
tained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits. He categorized these traits
into three levels:
• Cardinal traits: Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare, and dominate, usually devel-
oping later in life. They tend to define a person to such an extent that their names become
synonymous with their personality. Examples of this include the following descriptive
terms: Machiavellian, narcissistic, Don Juan, and Christ-like.
• Central traits: These general characteristics form basic personality foundations. While cen-
tral traits are not as dominating as cardinal traits, they describe the major characteristics you
might use to describe another person. Terms such as "intelligent," "honest," "shy," and "anx-
ious" are considered central traits.
• Secondary traits: Secondary traits are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences. They
often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples in-
clude public speaking anxiety, or impatience while waiting in line.
 Common Traits
• Agreeable: cares about others, feels empathy, enjoys helping others
• Conscientiousness: high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse con-
trol, goal-directed behaviors
• Eager-to-please: accommodating, passive, and conforming
• Extraversion: excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and
high amounts of emotional expressiveness
• Introversion: quiet, reserved
• Neuroticism: experiences stress and dramatic shifts in mood, feels
anxious, worries about different things, gets upset easily, struggles to
bounce back after stressful events
• Openness: very creative, open to trying new things, focuses on tackling
new challenges
 Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor
Trait theorist Raymond Cattell reduced the number of main per-
sonality traits from Allport’s initial list of over 4,000 down to 171.
He did so primarily by eliminating uncommon traits and combining
common characteristics.
 Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor
1. Emotional, easily upset 13.Conservative 25.Tough-minded
2. Intelligent 14.Group oriented 26.Imaginative
3. Suspicious 15.Undisciplined 27.Forthright
4. Reserved , unfriendly 16.Relaxed 28.Apprehensive
5. Assertive, dominant 17.Calm, stable 29.Experimenting
6. Sober, serious 18.Unintelligent 30.Self-sufficient
7. Conscientious 19.Trusting 31.Self-disciplined
8. Shy, timid 20.Outgoing, friendly 32.Tense, driven
9. Tender-minded 21.Not assertive, humble
10.Practical 22.Happy-go-lucky
11.Shrewd 23.Expedient
12.Self-assured, placid 24.Venturesome
 Psychodynamic Theories

Psychodynamic theories of personality are heavily influenced by

the work of Sigmund Freud and emphasize the influence of
the unconscious mind on personality. Psychodynamic theories in-
clude Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stage theory and Erik Erik-
son’s stages of psychosocial development.
 Behavioral Theories
Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of in-
teraction between the individual and the environment. Be-
havioral theorists study observable and measurable behav-
iors, often ignoring the role of internal thoughts and feelings.
Behavioral theorists include B.F. Skinner and John B. Wat-
son.
 Humanist

Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will

and individual experience in developing ​a personality.
Humanist theorists include Carl Rogers and Abraham
Maslow.
Psychometric Assessment Of Personality
Some important techniques :
• Observation
• Situational tests
• Questionnaire
• Personality inventory
• Rating scale
• Interview
• Projective techniques
 Conclusion
Understanding the psychology of personality is much more than
simply an academic exercise. The findings from personality re-
search can have important applications in the world of medicine,
health, business, economics, technology, among others. By build-
ing a better understanding of how personality works, we can look
for new ways to improve both personal and public health.
 References
Mary C. Townsend(2013) Psychiatric Mental Health nursing concepts of
care, 5th edition, Philadelphia, F.A Davis Company/Publishers

K. Lalitha (2009) Mental Health & Psychiatric nursing, 1st edition, New
Delhi, CBS Publishers & Distributers

R Sreevani(2016) A guide mental health & psychiatry nursing, 4th edition,

New Delhi, Jaypee Brothers medical publishers (P) Ltd

C.L.Subhash Indra Kumar (2014) A Textbook of Psychiatry and Mental

Health nursing ,1st Edition, Banglore, EMMESS Medical Publishers

www.slideshare.net

www.psychiatry.org
Thank You