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Requirements:: (A) Type of Insulating Material Used (B) Voltage For Which They Are Manufactured

The document outlines the classification and construction of underground cables, detailing the requirements for conductors, insulation, and protective layers. It categorizes cables based on insulating material and voltage levels, ranging from low tension to extra super voltage cables. Additionally, it discusses insulation resistance, dielectric stress, and methods for locating faults in underground cables, including the Murray and Varley loop tests.

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quantum physics
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14 views12 pages

Requirements:: (A) Type of Insulating Material Used (B) Voltage For Which They Are Manufactured

The document outlines the classification and construction of underground cables, detailing the requirements for conductors, insulation, and protective layers. It categorizes cables based on insulating material and voltage levels, ranging from low tension to extra super voltage cables. Additionally, it discusses insulation resistance, dielectric stress, and methods for locating faults in underground cables, including the Murray and Varley loop tests.

Uploaded by

quantum physics
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

6 Classification, construction of underground cables, insulation resistance


 Consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulating cover & protecting cover
Requirements:
 Contain tinned stranded copper or aluminium with conductivity & stranding is done for flexibility
 Conductor should carry desired load current & cause permissible voltage drop
 Proper thickness of insulation for secure high degree of safety & reliability
 Switchable mechanical protection
 Material used should chemical/physical stability
Classification of cables:
 Cables for U/G service may be classified by 2 ways:
(a) Type of insulating material used
(b) Voltage for which they are manufactured
1. Low tension (LT) cables- upto 1000 V
2. High tension (HT) cables-upto 11,000 V
3. Super tension (ST) cables- from 22 kV to 33 kV
4. Extra high tension (EHT) cables- from 33 kV to 66 kV
5. Extra Super Voltage Cables- beyond 132 kV
Construction of underground cables
 The parts of cable are:
1. Cores or conductor
2. Insulation
3. Metallic sheath
4. Bedding
5. Armouring
6. Serving
1. Cores or Conductor:
 A cable may have one or more than one core (conductor) depending upon the type of service for
which it is selected.
 The conductor made of tinned copper or aluminium and are usually stranded in order to provide
flexibility of cable.
 1 core conductor or single core cable, two-core, 3-1/2 core and 4 core cables, etc. are used
power transmission.
2. Insulation:
 Each core or conductor is provided with a suitable thickness of insulation and the thickness of
layer depending upon the voltage to be withstood by the cable.
 Commonly used materials are impregnated paper, varnished cambric, rubber mineral compound.
3. Mechanical Sheath:
 In order to protect cable from moisture, a gaseous or other damping liquids (acids or alkalis) in
the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of lead or aluminium is provided over the insulation.
4. Bedding:
 Over the metallic sheath is provided applied a layer of bedding which consists of fibrous material
like jute or hessian tape.
 The purpose of bedding is to protect the metallic sheath against corrosion and from mechanical
injury due to armouring.
5. Armouring:
 Over the bedding, armouring is provided which consists of one or two layers of galvanised steel wire
or steel tape.
 Its purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical injury while laying it and during the course of
handling.
 In some cables, armouring may not be done.
6. Serving:
 In order to protect armouring from atmospheric conditions, a layer of fibrous material (like jute) similar
to bedding is provided over the armouring and this is known is serving.
Insulation Resistance of cable
• The path for leakage current is radial through the insulation. The opposition
offered by insulation to leakage current is known as insulation resistance of the
cable. For satisfactory operation, the insulation resistance of the cable should
be very high.
• Consider a single-core cable of conductor radius r1 & internal sheath radius r2
shown in Fig.
• Let l be the length of the cable and ρ be the resistivity of the insulation.
• Consider a very small layer of insulation of thickness dx at a radius x. The length through which leakage
current tends to flow is dx and the area of X-section offered to this flow is 2π x l.

• Insulation resistance of considered layer:

• Insulation resistance of the whole cable is:

 Insulation resistance of a cable is


inversely proportional to its length.
2.7 Dielectric stress in single core/multi core cables

• Under operating conditions, the insulation of a cable is subjected to electrostatic forces. This is known as
dielectric stress.
• The dielectric stress at any point in a cable is infact the potential gradient (or *electric intensity) at that
point.

• Consider a single core cable with core diameter d and internal sheath diameter D.
• The electric intensity at a point x metres from the centre of the cable is:

• Potential gradient g at a point x metres from the centre of cable is

….(1)

• potential difference V between conductor and sheath is

….(2)
2.7 Dielectric stress in single core/multi core cables

Substituting the value of Q from exp. (2) in exp. (1), we get,

….(3)

 It is clear from exp. (3) that potential gradient varies inversely as the distance x.
 Therefore, potential gradient will be maximum when x is minimum i.e., when x = d/2 or at the surface of the conductor.
 Potential gradient will be minimum at x = D/2 or at sheath surface.

Therefore,
2.8 Cable faults and location of faults

1. Open-circuit fault
2. Short-circuit fault
3. Earth fault

Location of Faults in Underground Cables


There are several methods for locating the faults in underground cables.
However, two popular methods known as loop tests are :
(i) Murray loop test
(ii) Varley loop test
Murray Loop Test

(1) Earth fault


Let:
• R = resistance of the conductor loop upto the fault
from the test end
• X =resistance of the other length of the loop

In the balanced position of the bridge, we have:

If r is the resistance of each cable, then R + X = 2r.


If l is the length of each cable in metres, then resistance per metre length of cable = r/ l .

∴ Distance of fault point from test end is


(2) Short-circuit fault

Note that fault resistance is in the battery circuit


and not in the bridge circuit.
The bridge in balanced by adjusting the resistances
P and Q.
In the balanced position of the bridge

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