CHAPTER ONE

ILLUMINATON
Chapter content

1.1. Lighting

1.2. Lighting terminologies

1.3. Lighting schemes

1.4. Illumination design

1.5. Light sources

 1.1. ILLUMINATON
• Illumination-Refers to the provision of sufficient lighting either by
natural or artificial light sources
 Light in general is an electromagnetic radiation such as: radio waves
and x-rays etc.
• 1.1.Terms used in Illumination:
• Luminous flux Ø: is amount of light emitted per second by light
source. Its unit is lumens (Im)
• Luminous Intensity I : It is the luminous flux emitted per solid angle
in given direction.
 It is a measure of the power of light source and commonly called
brightness
• s- is solid angle in radians
• Its unit is candela (Cd)
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 Cont’d
Illuminance (E) – is luminous flux (Ø) falling on a surface per unit area.
Its unit is lux.

 Coefficient of utilization: The total flux reaching the surface will

never be equal to the flux emitted by the lamp due to absorption
of light by reflectors, ceiling & walls.
 Therefore, the light flux reaching the working plane can be
calculated by multiplying the total lumen flux emitted by the
lamp & utilization factor.
 The value of utilization factor depends up on the type of
reflector, color of wall & ceiling etc.

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 Cont’d
 The following factor shows utilization factor based on the
type of reflector.

 Maintenance Factor (Mf): The total flux emitted by the source

and reflector may be reduced due to deposition of dust and dirt
upon their surfaces.

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Example1:
1. Estimate the total luminous flux required to provide a
service value of 120 lux in a room 5 m by 7m. The
utilization and maintenance factors are respectively 0.6
and 0.8.

2-Calculate the total power required for the installation of

example above if lamps used have efficiency of 12 lm/ watt.

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 1.2. Lighting Schemes

It is planning of lighting in a house to decorate modern houses.

The intensity of illumination in various portions of rooms is based
on purpose for which the light is required. For example, more light
is required in study rooms as compared to bed room.
Classification of lighting schemes in the buildings:
1. Direct Lighting
2. Semi-Direct Lighting
3. Semi-Indirect Lighting
4. Indirect Lighting
5. General Lighting
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1. Direct Lighting:
It used for industrial a general out door lightning.
More than 90% of the total light flux fall on working plane.

It used proper reflector

This scheme causes hard shadows and glare so that it
doesn’t preferred for indoor residential lighting. 8
 2. Semi-Direct:
 In this scheme, semi-direct reflectors are used.
 60-90% of the total flux is made to fall on the working plane &
the remaining light is used to illuminate the ceiling and walls.
 This is more suited with high ceiling where high level of

distributed illumination is desirable.

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3.Semi-Indirect Lighting:
 It produces very soft lighting system.
 light flux 60% to 90% is thrown upward to the ceiling for
reflection and the remaining light reaches the working
plane directly except for some absorption by the reflector.
 It provides soft shadows and glare free lighting scheme.
 It is adopted for indoor light decoration purpose.

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 4. Indirect Lighting Scheme:
 90% to 100% of total light is thrown upward to the ceiling for
diffused reflection by using inverted or bowl reflectors.
 The light thus thrown towards ceiling is reflected back on
working plane.
 The ceiling thus acts as an indirect light source and glare is
reduced to minimum.
 It is particularly used where shadows are to be necessarily
removed.

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5-General Lighting Scheme:
The basic requirement of general lighting is to obtain
uniform , diffused and glare less lighting.

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 1.3.Designing Lighting Scheme

The following points should be considered carefully while designing lighting scheme:

-Provision of adequate illumination

-Provision of light distributed all over the working plane as uniform as possible

-Provision of desired color of light

-Provision to avoid hard shadow and glare as much as possible

 1.4. Laws of Illumination:
 Inverse square law
 Cosine law
Inverse square law :
 Consider a light source emitting light in general direction.

 When using the inverse square law, the distance used in the measurement is
from the light source to a point directly below it. When a lamp is suspended
above a surface, the illuminance at a point below the lamp can be
calculated:

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Cont’d

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 Cosine Law of Illumination:
 Consider a light source of a height h.
o When using the cosine law, the distance used is from the light source
measured at an angle to the point at which the lux value is required.
o When a lamp is suspended above a horizontal surface, the
illuminance (E) at any point below the surface can be calculated.

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 Thus based on inverse square law, illumination depends on
the perpendicular distance from the light source &
 According to cosine law, illumination depends on the angle
that the light falls on the area to be illuminated.

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Methods of Lighting Calculations
The number of lamps installed at a particular place to obtain desired
level of illumination is calculated by the following methods:
Lumen method: Applicable to those sources of light which produce
an approximately uniform illumination over the working plane .
In this method ,
Total lumens received on the working plane = (Number of lamps)
x (wattage of each lamp) x( efficiency of each interms of lumens
per watt) x (coefficient of utilization) x ( maintenance factor) .
Point to Point Method : applicable where illumination at particular
point is required and the candle power of lamp in the particular
direction is known.
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To calculate the illumination in a given room or to calculate
number of lamp tube light fittings when level of illumination
to be maintained is given , the following formula can be used
.
That is : N=ExA
O x cu x Mf , where

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N - number of lamp fittings needed
E- required illumination level (lux)
A - working area (square meters)
O - luminous flux produced per lamp(lumens)
Cu -coefficient of utilization
Mf - maintenance factor

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Example 1: A work shop measures 10m x 25m . The shop is illuminated
by 24 lamps of 200 watts each . The lumen efficiency of each lamp is
15lumens per watt. Maintenance factor assumed to be 0.8 and
coefficient of utilization 0.5 . Determine the illumination on the working
plane.
Solution : Total floor area to be illuminated A = 10m x 25m = 250m2
Total lumens given by the lamps  = number of lamps x
wattage of each lamp x luminous efficiency of each lamp = 24 x 200 x 15
= 72000
lumens actually falling on the working plane =  x coefficient of
utilization x maintenance factor = 72000 x 0.5 x 0.8 = 28,800 lumens
Illumination per square meter of working plane :
E=lumens reaching working plane = 28,800 =115 lux(lumens per square meter)
Area to be illuminated 250

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Example 2: A drawing hall 30m x 15m with a ceiling height of 5m is to
be provided with a general illumination of 120 lux . Taking coefficient of
utilization 0.7 and maintenance factor of 0.8. Determine the number of
fluorescent tubes required.
-The lamps are mounted at a height of 3m from floor. Taking luminous
efficiency of fluorescent tubes as 60 lumens per watt for 40 watt tube.
Solution : Total lumens emitted by a 40w tube = 40 x 60 = 2400 lumens
Area to be illuminated = 30 x 15 = 450 m2
Number of tubes require, N = E x A = 120 x 30 x 15 = 54000
OxcuxMf (2400x0.7x0.8) (2400x0.7x0.8)
= 40tubes
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Please refer lighting requirements for various types of buildings on page 38
of Ethiopian building code standard, electrical installation of building,
EBCS-10. for your project

Recommended minimum illuminace levels for various activities

50 Lux
Car Parks
Main Entrances and exits
Store rooms
Outdoor platforms
Stables
Hotel bedrooms
Garages
100 Lux
Corridors and passageways
Stairs and escalators
Entrance gates
Changing rooms
Rest rooms
Raw material stores
Machine rooms
Loading bays
Foyers
Domestic living rooms 24
 Con’t
200 Lux

Lifts and lift lobbies

Waiting rooms
Medical stores
Machine assembly rooms
Finished goods stores
Vaults and strong-rooms
Print rooms
Shopping centre circulation areas
Airport lounges
Museum areas (general)
School assembly halls
Lecture theatres
Gymnasiums
Sports spectator areas

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 Con’t
400 Lux
Enquiry desks and counters
Food preparation areas
Consulting and treatment rooms
General clerical offices
Library reading tables
Assembly hall platforms
Classroom white-boards
Laboratories
Hospital dispensing rooms
Workshop benches
600 Lux

Engine testing rooms

Cutting and assembly rooms
Inspection and product testing benches
Computer rooms
Drawing board task lighting
Food sales counters
Cashier counters
Supermarkets
School art rooms
Vision testing rooms
Sewing rooms
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 Con’t
900 Lux

Electronics assembly areas

Instrumentation workbenches
Supermarket displays

1200+ Lux

Sorting and grading areas

Clothing inspection areas
Hand engraving workbenches
Jewellery workbenches
Boxing rings

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 Recommended Light Levels

Recommended Light Levels

Task Area Footcandles

Corridors/Stairways/Restrooms 10-20

Storage Rooms 10-50

Conference Rooms 20-50

General Offices 50-100

Drafting/Accounting 100-200

Classrooms 50-75

Cafeterias 50

Gymnasiums 30-50

Merchandising 30-150

Manufacturing Assembly 50-500

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Homes
a. Kitchen ………………… ………………… ……200 lx
b. Bath rooms ………………… ……………………100 lx
c. Stairs ………………… ………………… ……….100 lx
d. Garages …………………………………………….70 lx
e. Reading causal ……………………………………..150 lx
f. Homework and sustained reading………………… 300 lx
2.5. Artificial light sources
Reading Assignment
1) Artificial light source
principle operations, type, power rating , efficiency and service life

2) What is CFL? Principle of operation and its efficiency compered to other

artificial light source?
3) What is Emergency lamp? When we use it? How it can operate?