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04/08/2025
 Submitted To : DR Rani Sumaira
Submitted By : Group 8
Course Code : MTH- 437
Course Title : Ring And Module
Theory
Department : Mathematics
Semester : 7th MA
2
Topic : Lecture 14,16
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE WOMEN UNIVERSITY
FAISALABAD
04/08/2025
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Group 8 Members
Anam Shehnaz : 08
Aresha Abid : 13
Ifra Safdar : 27
Momina Javed : 50
Nasira Batool : 51
Tehreem Fatima : 60
Zunaira Ilyas : 65

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Theorem:
Two cyclic R-modules are isomorphic if and only if they have
same order ideals.
Proof:
Let M and N be two cyclic R-modules. Let M is generated by m.
Then M = Rm for m ∈ M.
Define a mapping by = rm
Then is onto. Let Then = rm for some
So for such that
= rm =
is homo-morphism:
Let r, s R
= (r + s)m

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= rm + sm since M is module
= +
For t , r
= (tr)m = t(rm) = t
∵ is homo-morphism .
Then by fundamental theorem of isomorphism
M
Now, ker =
=
Now, by definition of order ideal
O(m) =
So, ker = O(m)

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⇒ M
Hence , M

Similarly, if n N , N = Rn
Then N
Now, suppose that two cyclic R-modules M and N have same

O(m) = O(n) ⇒ M = N
order ideal such that

⇒ M N

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Conversely,

Suppose M N and as M= Rm and N = Rn. Then f is an

⇔ rm = 0
If r O(m),

⇔ f(rm ) = f(0) = 0
⇔ rf(m ) = rn = 0 ∵ f(m)=n
∵ f is homo-morphism

⇔ O(n)
⇒ O(m) = O(n)

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Theorem:
A module M is called cyclic iff M = Rx for x M.
Proof:
Let M be cyclic module. Suppose M is generated by x M.
So for any x M there exists such that m = rx
So, M = ….(A)
As

⇒ M ⊆ Rx
, m is arbitrary
…(1)
Now let , there exist such that

⇒ Rx ⊆ M
= rx M by (A)
…(2)
From (1) and (2) Rx = M

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Conversely,
Let M be Rx and let be arbitrary. Then Rx
So there exist some such that
=x
So , for each m , there exist some such that

⇒ any element is linear combination of x So M

can be generated by a single element x.

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Theorem:-
Let M be an R-module and let {m1,m2,…,ms} be a finite subset of M.
The following are equivalent:
1) {m1,m2,…,ms} generate freely M.
2) {m1,m2,…,ms} is linearly independent generates M.
3) Every element m ∈ M is uniquely expressible in the form of
with ri ∈ R.
4) Each mi is torsion free &
M=Rm1 ⊕ Rm2 ⊕ Rm3 ⊕ … ⊕ Rms

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 Proof:-
11 1 ⇒ 2
As m is freely generated by {m1,m2,m3,…,ms}.To prove that it is linearly independent . Let
=0
r 1 m1 + r 2 m2 + r 3 m3 + r 4 m4 + r 5 m5 = 0
Note that
N= RR ⊕ RR ⊕…⊕ R R s-times
is an R-module under addition and multiplication defined as
(r1,r2,…,rs) + (t1,t2,…,ts) = (r1+t1,r2+t2,…,rs+ts) and
r( r1,r2,…,rs) = ( rr1,rr2,…,rrs).
Now Let f:X→N be defined as
X= {m1,m2,…,ms}
f(mi) = ei = {0,0,…,1,0,0,…,0} 04/08/2025
 1’ is at ith place.
Since M is freely generated so that f can be extended to a module homomorphism say
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Φ: M→N
Such that
FoI=Φ ( Composition of f and I)
Now
Φ(0) = 0
Φ () = 0
Φ ( mi ) = 0
(f o I ) mi = 0
f [I(mi)] = 0
f (mi) = 0 ∵ I(mi) = mi

ei = 0
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ri ei = 0
 So {m1,m2,…,ms} is linearly independent.
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2 ⇒ 3
Let {m1,m2,…,ms} is linearly independent
m = mi and m = mi be two expression
mi = mi
mi -mi = 0
) mi = 0
⇒ {m1,m2,…,ms} is linearly independent.
∵ ri - = 0
ri = ∀ i = 1,2,3,…,s
⇒ Expression m is unique.

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 3 ⇒ 4
14
Let r∈ R and r mi = 0. Also 0mi = 0
As expression m is unique .
r mi = 0mi
⇒ r = 0
⇒ mi is torsion free.
As
R mi ⊆ M ∀ i
mi ⊆ M →(A)
Now let m ∈ M . Then
m = mi ; r i ∈ R

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 since ri ∈ R
Then ri mi ∈ Rmi
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mi ∈ m i
⇒ m ∈ mi →(B)
From (A) and (B)
M = mi
To prove Rmi mj = {0}
Let m ∈ Rmi mj
m ∈ Rmi and m ∈ mj
m= ri mi
and m = mj
m = 0+0+…+m+0+0+…0
And
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m = r1 m1 + r2 m2 + …+ ri-1 mi-1 + 0 +ri+1 mi+1 +…+ rs ms

4 ⇒ 3
M=Rm1 ⊕ Rm2 ⊕ Rm3 ⊕ … ⊕ Rms
Then let m = mi and m=
mi = mi
mi -mi = 0
) mi = 0
⇒ {m1,m2,…,ms} is linearly independent.
∵ ri - = 0 04/08/2025

ri = ∀ i = 1,2,3,…,s
 3 ⇒ 1
Since each m ∈ M has unique expression as
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m = mi
M is generated by {m1,m2,…,ms}.
Let N be R – Modules and Φ: X→N be defined as
Φ (mi) = ni ∈ N be a mapping from X into N.
As m ∈ M can be written as
m = mi ; ri ∈ R
Define ψ : M→N as
(m) = mi
As ψ (0) = 0. And Let m1 ,m2 ∈ M
m1 m i

m 2 =m i
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 ψ ( m 1 + m2 ) = ψ
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= ψ [ )mi ]
= [ )ni ]
= ni + ni .
= ψ (m1) + ψ (m2)
Also for r ∈ R
ψ (rm) = ψ [ r ( mi ) ]
= ψ [ mi ]
= ni
=r mi
= rψ(m)
ψ is homomorphism.
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Clearly ψ is an extension of Φ. So M is freely generated by X.