4.

Network Communication
Models
 Introduction
• Network Communication model is a set of
rules & steps that help computers talk to each
other.
• Explanation: Imagine you want to send a letter to
your frnd. You need an envelope, stamp, an address.
This whole process from writing letter to delivering it
is like “network communication model”
• There are two main ways computers
communicate:
1)OSI Model:
-Developed by International Organization for
Standardization(ISO)
-It is conceptual model that defines 7 layers.
2)TCP/IP Model:
- Developed by U.S department ofDefense’s
Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA).
-It is practical model with 4 layers.
 Layered Architecture
• In layered architecure of N/W model, one
whole network process is divided into small
tasks.
• Each small task is the assigned to a particular
layer which works dedicately to process the
task only.
• Every layer does only specific work
 Encapsulation
• Encapsulation is the process of adding headers
to data as it moves down the layers of the OSI
model for transmission over a network.
• As data moves down the layers, each layer
adds its own header to the data received from
the layer above
Layers in OSI Model
 Physical Layer
• Physical Layer is the bottom most or first layer
of the OSI model
• This layer is responsible for converting digital
signals into electrical signals & transforming
data into its binary form.
• This layer determines whether communication
between two devices will be wired or wireless.
 Functions of Physical Layer
• The physical layer explains how two or more
devices are physically connected to each other
• The physical layer also specifies which
transmission mode will be used between two
devices in the network
i.e. simplex, half-duplex, or full duplex
• This layer indicates the data rate, specifying
how many bits will be transferred in one
second.
 Data Link Layer
• Data Link Layer is the second layer, and it is also known as
the Frame Unit.
• In this layer, data packets sent by the Network Layer are
decoded and encoded, and it also ensures that there are no
errors in the data packets.
• In this layer, two protocols are used for data transmission.
1. HDLC (High level Data Link Control)
2. PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
The Data Link Layer is divided into two sublayers:
1. Media Access Control (MAC)
2. Logical Link Control (LLC)
 Functions of Data Link Layer
• This layer encodes and decodes data packets, these data
packets are known as frames.
• It is responsible for adding headers and trailers to these
frames.
• The primary function of the Data Link Layer is to perform
flow control, maintaining a specific data rate from both
the sender and receiver to prevent data corruption.
• This layer also manages error control.
• It handles access control when two or more devices are
connected to a communication channel, determining
which device is granted access
 Network Layer
• The Network Layer is the third layer in the OSI
model, and it is also known as the Packet Unit.
• In this layer, switching and routing techniques are
employed.
• The primary function of this layer is to assign IP
addresses, to devices.
• In the Network Layer, the data is in the form of data
packets, and the task of this layer is to facilitate the
delivery of these data packets from one device to
another.
 Functions of Network Layer
• Its primary task is to provide IP addresses to
devices.
• The main function of the Network Layer is to
facilitate the delivery of data packets from one
device to another.
• It adds the source and destination addresses
to the header of data packets. These
addresses are used to identify devices on the
Internet.
 Transport Layer
• The Transport Layer is the fourth layer of the OSI model, and it
is also known as the "Segment" layer.
• This layer is responsible for transferring data across the network
correctly.
• It ensures that there are no errors in the data.
• It also makes sure that the data sent in a particular order is
received in the same order.
• The Transport Layer is also known as the "end-to-end layer"
because it provides a point-to-point connection for transferring
data.
• This layer offers two types of services:
1. Connection-oriented 2. Connectionless
 Session Layer
• The Session Layer is the fifth layer of the OSI model,
which controls connections between many computers.
• The Session Layer provides session management for
communication between two devices.
• In simple terms, whenever a user opens a website, a
session is established between the user's computer
and the website's server.
• In other words, the main function of the Session Layer
is to oversee how connections are established,
maintained, and terminated.
 Presentation Layer
• The Presentation Layer is the sixth layer of the
OSI model and is also known as Translation
Layer.
• The Presentation Layer presents data in a
unified format between different systems that
may have different data formats.
• It is also known as the syntax layer because it
correctly maintains the syntax of the data.
 Application Layer
• The Application Layer is the seventh and highest
layer of the OSI model.
• Its primary function is to provide an interface
between our real applications and the other layers.
• The Application Layer is closest to the end-user.
• Within this layer, protocols such as HTTP, FTP,
SMTP, and are used.
• This layer controls how applications access the
network.