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Topic 7 - 1 Types of DATA

The document discusses the importance of credible data collection methodologies, emphasizing the need for access and rapport building. It outlines the differences between secondary and primary data, including their advantages and limitations. Additionally, it highlights various data collection options and approaches, both quantitative and qualitative.

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nomaanbari
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6 views11 pages

Topic 7 - 1 Types of DATA

The document discusses the importance of credible data collection methodologies, emphasizing the need for access and rapport building. It outlines the differences between secondary and primary data, including their advantages and limitations. Additionally, it highlights various data collection options and approaches, both quantitative and qualitative.

Uploaded by

nomaanbari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF DATA

General
The Goal?: Credible Data

• Virtually all methodologies are reliant on the collection of


credible data

• The first step in any form of data collection is gaining access


Use official channels and protocol
Identify points of contact
Use gatekeepers and insiders
Build rapport
2
General
Where do data come from?
• Take a step back – if we’re starting from scratch, how
do we collect / find data?

Secondary data
data someone else has collected

Primary data
data you collect
3
General
Secondary Data – Examples of
Sources
• Country Health departments
• Vital Statistics – birth, death certificates
• Hospital, clinic, school nurse records
• Private databases
• State and central governments
• Surveillance data from state government programs
• Federal agency statistics - Census, NIH, etc.

4
General
Secondary Data – Limitations
• When was it collected? For how long?
• May be out of date for what you want to analyze.
• May not have been collected long enough for detecting trends.
• Is the data set complete?
• There may be missing information on some observations
• Unless such missing information is caught and corrected for, analysis
will be biased.
• Reliability
• Personal bias
• Availability of data
• Format
5
General
Secondary Data – Advantages
• No need to reinvent the wheel.
• If someone has already found the data, take advantage of it.
• It will save you money.
• Even if you have to pay for access, often it is cheaper in terms of
money than collecting your own data.
• It will save you time.
• Primary data collection is very time consuming
• It may be very accurate.
• When especially a government agency has collected the data,
incredible amounts of time and money went into it. It’s probably
highly accurate.
6
General
Primary Data - Examples

• Focus groups
• Questionnaires
• Personal interviews
• Experiments and observational study

7
General
Primary Data - Limitations
• Do you have the time and money for:
• Designing your collection instrument?
• Selecting your population or sample?
• Pretesting, piloting the instrument to work out sources of bias?
• Administration of the instrument?
• Entry/collation of data?
• Uniqueness
• May not be able to compare to other populations
• Researcher error
• Sample bias
• Other confounding factors
8
General
Data collection choice
• What you must ask yourself:
• Will the data answer my research question?
• To answer that
• You much first decide what your research question is
• Then you need to decide what data are needed to scientifically
answer the question
• If that data exist in secondary form, then use them to the extent you
can, keeping in mind limitations.
• But if it does not, and you are able to fund primary collection, then it
is the method of choice.
9
General
Data Collection Options

• Data collection possibilities are wide and varied with any one
method of collection not inherently better than any other
• Each has pros and cons that must be weighed up in view of a
rich and complex context
• 2 MAIN APPROACHES
• QUANTITATIVE
• QUALITATIVE

10
General
QUANTITATIV
E
Experiment
Survey QUALITATIVE
Secondary Data Analysis  Participant Observation
Content Analysis  Individual Qualitative
Historical Comparative Interview
Methods (Archival Analysis)  Textual Analysis
 Focus Group Discussion
 Del-Phi Method

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General

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