System, Application and User

Interface
Operating System
What is an Operating system?
The operating system (OS) is the most important program that runs
on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an
operating system to run other programs and applications.
Computer operating systems perform basic tasks, such as
recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display
screen, keeping track of files and directories on the storage drives,
and controlling peripheral devices, such as printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater
responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop — it makes sure
that different programs and users running at the same time do not
interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible
for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the
Operating System
What are the functions of an Operating System ?
 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management
 Security
 Control over system performance
 Job accounting
 Error detecting aids
 Coordination between other software and users
Types Of
Software
I. System
Software
System Software
System software refers to the files and programs that make
up your computer's operating system.
System files include libraries of functions, system services,
drivers for printers and other hardware, system
preferences, and other configuration files.
The programs that are part of the system software include
assemblers, compilers, file management tools, system
utilites, and debuggers.
The system software is installed on your computer when
you install your operating system.
Unlike application programs, however, system software is
not meant to be run by the end user.
System Software
Examples:
Drivers
Utility Software
Compilers
Linkers
Drivers:
A driver is a program that controls a particular type of device that
is attached to your computer. There are device drivers for printers,
displays, CD-ROM readers, diskette drives, and so on. It is a group
of files that enable one or more hardware devices to communicate
with the computer's operating system. Without drivers, the
computer would not be able to send and receive data correctly to
hardware devices, such as a printer.
 VIDEO EDIDITING
SOFTWARE
The term video editing can refer to: The process of manipulating video images. Once the province of expensive machines called video
editors, video editing software is now available for personal computers and workstations. Video editing includes cutting segments (trimming), re-
sequencing clips, and adding transitions and other Special Effects.[1]
Linear video editing, using video tape and is edited in a very linear way. Several video clips from different tapes are recorded to one single tape in
the order that they will appear.
Non-linear editing system (NLE), This is edited on computers with specialized software. These are non destructive to the video being edited and
use programs such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro and Avid.
Offline editing is the process in which raw footage is copied from an original source, without affecting the original film stock or video tape. Once
the editing has been completely edited, the original media is then re-assembled in the online editing stage.
Online editing is the process of reassembling the edit to full resolution video after an offline edit has been performed and is done in the final
stage of a video production.
Vision mixing, when working within live television and video production environments. A vision mixer is used to cut live feed coming from several
cameras in real time.
 COMMUNICATION
SOFTWARE
Communication software is used to provide remote access to systems and exchange files and
messages in text, audio and/or video formats between different computers or users. This
includes terminal emulators, file transfer programs, chat and instant messaging programs, as
well as similar functionality integrated within MUDs. The term is also applied to software
operating a bulletin board system, but seldom to that operating a computer network or Stored
Program ControL exchange.
 WEB AUTHORING
SOFTWARE
Web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and
maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic
design; interface design; authoring, including standardised code and proprietary software; user
experience design; and search engine optimization. Often many individuals will work in teams
covering different aspects of the design process, although some designers will cover them all.
[1]
The term web design is normally used to describe the design process relating to the front-end
(client side) design of a website including writing mark up. Web design partially overlaps web
engineering in the broader scope of web development. Web designers are expected to have an
awareness of usability and if their role involves creating mark up then they are also expected to
 APPS

An application program (app or application for short) is a computer program designed to perform a
group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user. Examples of an
application include a word processor, a spreadsheet, an accounting application, a web browser,
a media player, an aeronautical flight simulator, a console game or a photo editor. The collective
noun application software refers to all applications collectively.[1] This contrasts with system
software, which is mainly involved with running the computer.
Applications may be bundled with the computer and its system software or published separately,
and may be coded as proprietary, open-source or university projects.[2] Apps built for mobile
platforms are called mobile apps.
 APPLETS

In computing, an applet is any small application that performs one specific task that runs within
the scope of a dedicated widget engine or a larger program, often as a plug-in.[1][2] The term is
frequently used to refer to a Java applet, a program written in the Java programming language
that is designed to be placed on a web page. Applets are typical examples of transient and
auxiliary applications that don't monopolize the user's attention. Applets are not full-featured
application programs, and are intended to be easily accessible.[2]
 CONTROL AND
MESURING SOFYWARE
A software metric is a standard of measure of a degree to which a software system or process
possesses some property. Even if a metric is not a measurement (metrics are functions, while
measurements are the numbers obtained by the application of metrics), often the two terms are
used as synonyms. Since quantitative measurements are essential in all sciences, there is a
continuous effort by computer science practitioners and theoreticians to bring similar
approaches to software development. The goal is obtaining objective, reproducible and
quantifiable measurements, which may have numerous valuable applications in schedule and
budget planning, cost estimation, quality assurance testing, software debugging, software
performance optimization, and optimal personnel task assignments.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
USER INTERFACE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF USER INTERFACE
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
• A CLI (command line interface) is a user interface to a computer's
operating system or an application in which the user responds to a
visual prompt by typing in a command on a specified line, receives a
response back from the system, and then enters another command,
and so forth.
If the user knows the correct commands then this
For someone who has never used a CLI, it can be very
type of interface can be much faster than any other
confusing -DISADVANTAGES
type of interface- ADVANTAGES
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
• a visual way of interacting with a computer using items such as windows, icons, and menus, used
by most modern operating systems.
• The graphical user interface (GUI /ɡuːiː/), is a type of user interface that allows users to
interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary
notation, instead of text-based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs
were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces
(CLIs),[1][2][3] which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard.
• The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical
elements.[4] Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3
players, portable media players, gaming devices, smartphones and smaller household, office and
industrial controls.
• The term GUI tends not to be applied to other lower-display resolution types of interfaces, such
as video games (where heads-up display (HUD)[5] is preferred), or not including flat screens, like
volumetric displays[6] because the term is restricted to the scope of two-dimensional display
screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at
the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).
 DIALOGUE
• The graphical control element dialog box (also called dialogue box[citation needed] or just dialog) is a
small window that communicates information to the user and prompts them for a response.
• Dialog boxes are classified as "modal" or "modeless", depending on whether they block
interaction with the software that initiated the dialog. The type of dialog box displayed is
dependent upon the desired user interaction.
• The simplest type of dialog box is the alert, which displays a message and may require an
acknowledgment that the message has been read, usually by clicking "OK", or a decision as to
whether or not an action should proceed, by clicking "OK" or "Cancel".
• Alerts are also used to display a "termination notice"—sometimes requesting confirmation that
the notice has been read—in the event of either an intentional closing or unintentional closing ("
crash") of an application or the operating system. (E.g., "Gedit has encountered an error and must
close.")
• Although this is a frequent interaction pattern for modal dialogs, it is also criticized by usability
experts as being ineffective for its intended use, which is to protect against errors caused by
destructive actions,[1] and for which better alternatives exist.[2]
• An example of a dialog box is the about box found in many software programs, which usually
displays the name of the program, its version number, and may also include copyright
CONTI…

-Easy to program Only limited options presented

Visually impaired people might have
-Easy for user to see the options available trouble seeing the text or options
Not good for highly complex applications,
-Data validation can be used on data entry
for example, a tax form might have 20
forms
pages of options that need to be completed
-Fast to enter data or to make choices DISADVANTAGES
-Little or no training required
-They don't need huge amounts of
processing power or memory
ADVANTAGES
GESTURE BASED INTERFACE
• . Gestural UI refers to using specific gestures, like scrolling, pinching, and tapping to operate an
interface. It also refers to gesture recognition, including tipping, tilting, eye motion, and shaking
• Gesture recognition is a topic in computer science and language technology with the goal of
interpreting human gestures via mathematical algorithms.
• Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or
hand.
• Current focuses in the field include emotion recognition from face and hand gesture recognition.
Users can use simple gestures to control or interact with devices without physically touching
them.
• Many approaches have been made using cameras and computer vision algorithms to interpret
sign language. However, the identification and recognition of posture, gait, proxemics, and human
behaviors is also the subject of gesture recognition techniques.[1]
• Gesture recognition can be seen as a way for computers to begin to understand human
body language, thus building a richer bridge between machines and humans than primitive
text user interfaces or even GUIs (graphical user interfaces), which still limit the majority of input
to keyboard and mouse.
Conti…
• Gesture Recognition Features:
• More Accurate
• High Stability
• Time saving to unlock a device
•
The major application areas of gesture recognition in the current scenario are:
• Automotive sector
• Consumer Electronics sector
• Transit sector
• Gaming sector
• To unlock smartphones