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db lecture 1 (1) (2) (2)

The document provides an overview of databases, defining them as organized collections of data that can be structured (e.g., numeric, text) or unstructured (e.g., documents, images). It explains the distinction between data and information, emphasizing that information is processed data that provides context and meaning. Additionally, it discusses the importance of metadata, which describes the properties and context of data, aiding in its understanding and management.

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10 views

db lecture 1 (1) (2) (2)

The document provides an overview of databases, defining them as organized collections of data that can be structured (e.g., numeric, text) or unstructured (e.g., documents, images). It explains the distinction between data and information, emphasizing that information is processed data that provides context and meaning. Additionally, it discusses the importance of metadata, which describes the properties and context of data, aiding in its understanding and management.

Uploaded by

mairabsatti04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic concepts and definition

Database
• A Database is an organized collection of logically related data
• A database may be of any size and complexity For example
– a salesperson may maintain a small database of customer contacts
consisting of a few megabytes of data on her laptop computer.
– A large corporation may build a large database consisting of several
terabytes of data (a terabyte is a trillion bytes) on a large mainframe
computer that is used for decision support applications
– Very large data warehouses contain more than a petabyte of data. (A
petabyte is a quadrillion bytes.)
Data
• the term data referred to the facts concerning objects and
events that could be recorded and stored on computer media
Structured data
• The most important structured data types are numeric, text,
character, and dates.
• Structured data are stored in tabular form (in tables,
relations, arrays, spreadsheets, etc.) and are most commonly
found in traditional databases and data warehouses.
• For example, in a salesperson’s database, the data would
include facts such as customer name, address, and telephone
number
• This type of data is called structured data
Unstructured data
• Databases today are used to store objects such as documents,
e-mails, tweets, Facebook posts, GPS information, maps,
photographic images, sound, and video segments in addition
to structured data.
– For example, the salesperson’s database might include a photo image
of the customer contact, a sound recording or video clip about the
most recent product.
• This type of data is referred to as unstructured data, or as
multimedia data
Unstructured data
• unstructured data are multimedia data such as documents,
e-mails, maps, images, sound, and video clips
• Unstructured data are commonly found in web server and
web enabled databases
Structured and unstructured data
• Today structured and unstructured data are often combined in
the same database to create a true multimedia environment.
– For example, an automobile repair shop can combine
structured data (describing customers and automobiles)
with multimedia data (photo images of the damaged autos
and scanned images of insurance claim forms).

• An expanded definition of data that includes structured and


unstructured types is “a stored representation of objects and
events that have meaning and importance in the user’s
environment “
Data versus information
• information is defined as the data that have been
processed in such a way that the knowledge of the person
who uses the data is increased.
• For example, consider the following list of facts:
Data versus information

• what happens when we place the same data


in a context,
Converting data to information
1. Data in context
Adding a few additional data items and providing some structure, we recognize a class
roster for a particular course.

This is useful information to some users, such as the course instructor and the registrar’s
office. Data security has increased

few organizations still use Social Security numbers as identifiers. Instead, most
organizations use an internally generated number for identification purposes.
Converting data to information

2. Summarized data

It shows summarized student enrollment data presented as graphical information

This information could be used as a basis for deciding whether to add new courses or to
hire new faculty members.
Examples of Data

1. Student Data on Admission Forms: When students get


admission in a college. They fill admission form. This form
contains raw facts (data of student) like name, father’s name,
address of student , father's name, date of birth, marks
obtained, total marks, address, contact number and a latest
photo graph of the candidate. etc.

2. Data of Citizens: During census, data of all citizens is


collected.

3. Students Examination Data: In examination data about


obtained marks of different subjects for all students is
collected.
Examples of Information
1. Merit List:
After collecting admission forms from candidates, the
concerned person in the college office will process these data to
prepare a merit list.
He may calculate percentage of obtained marks of each
candidate and arrange the records in descending order by
percentage.

2. Census Report: Census data is used to get report/information


about total population of a country and literacy rate etc.

3. Result Cards of Individual Students: In examination system


collected data (obtained marks in each subject) is processed to
get total obtained marks of a student.
Data and information
• Examples of Data and Information

1. The history of temperature readings all over


the world for the past 100 years is data.
– If this data is organized and analyzed to find that
global temperature is rising, then that is information.

2. The number of visitors to a website by country is an


example of data.
– Finding out that traffic from the U.S. is increasing
while that from Australia is decreasing is meaningful
information
Questions
1. Ali 3500 7/18/86 is data or information ?
2. How point 1 data can be transformed in
information ?
3. Mr ali is a salesperson whose annual salary
is$35000 and whose hire date is july 18,1986
is this information or data?
Meta data (data about data)
• data become useful only when placed in some context.
• The primary mechanism for providing context for data is known as
metadata

• Meta data is the data that describe the properties or characteristics of


end-user data and the context of
that data.

• Some of the properties that are typically described include data names,
definitions, length (or size)

• Metadata describing data context include the source of the data, where
the data are stored
Meta data
• ” For example, when looking at one of the values of Year of
Birth in the Students table
– the data itself may be “1992”.
– The metadata about that value would be the field name Year of Birth,
the time it was last updated, and the data type (integer).
• Another example of metadata could be for an MP3 music file,
– information such as the length of the song, the artist, the album, the
file size, and even the album cover art, are classified as metadata.
• When a database is being designed, a “data dictionary” is
created to hold the metadata, defining the fields and structure
of
Meta data
• Metadata enable database designers and users to understand
what data exist, what the data mean, and how to distinguish
between
• Data items that at first glance look similar. Managing
metadata is at least as crucial as managing the associated
data because data without clear meaning can be confusing,
misinterpreted, or erroneous.
• Typically, much of the metadata are stored as part of the
database and may be retrieved using the same approaches
that are used to retrieve data or information.

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