Data Communication and Networking II

PRESENTED

BY

DR. JIBREEL FUSEINI

 OVERVIEW
BIT 316 Data Communications and Networking II

MODULE ONE

At the end of the session, the student will

• Understand
i. Data communications/ Data network
ii. networking
iii. Internet
iv. Applications of Communication & Computer Network
v. Network Addressing
 Building the User
Interface

MODULE ONE.

TOPIC 1
Data communications
 MODULE ONE

• Data communication refers to the exchange of data between a source

and a receiver. The Data communication is said to be local if
communicating devices are in the same building or a similarly
restricted geographical area.
 MODULE ONE
• A communication system has the following components:
• Message: It is the information or data to be communicated: It can
consist of text, numbers, pictures, sound or video or any combination
of these.
• Sender: It is the device/computer that generates and sends that
message.
• Receiver: It is the device or computer that receives the message. The
location of the receiver computer is generally different from the sender
computer. The distance between the sender and receiver depends upon
the types of networks used in between. The device that receives the
transmitted data g known as a receiver.
 MODULE ONE

• Medium: It is the channel or physical path through which the message

is carried from the sender to the receiver. The medium can be wired
like twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fibre-optic cable or wireless like
laser, radio waves, and microwaves.

• Protocol: It is a set of rules that govern the communication between

the devices. Both sender and receiver follow the same protocols to
communicate with each other.
 NETWORKING

• A computer network is a collection of computers or devices

connected to share resources. Any device which can share or receive
the data is called a Node. Through which the information or data
propagate is known as channels, It can be guided or unguided.
 INTERNET

• A network of networks is called an internetwork, or simply the

internet.

• It is the largest network in existence on this planet. The internet

hugely connects all WANs and it can have connection to LANs and
Home networks. Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as its
addressing protocol.
 INTERNET

• Therefore, the Internet is a global communication system that links

together thousands of individual networks. It allows the exchange of
information between two or more computers on a network. Thus
internet helps in the transfer of messages through the mail, chat,
video & audio conference, etc. It has become mandatory for day-to-
day activities: bill payment, online shopping and surfing, tutoring,
working, communicating with peers, etc.
INTERNET
INTERNET
 MODULE ONE

.
INTERNET
INTERNET
Diagram of Internet, WWW, and
computer relationship
Diagram of Internet, WWW, and
computer relationship
Diagram of Internet, WWW, and
computer relationship
 Applications of Communication &
Computer Network
Computer systems and peripherals are connected to form a network.
They provide numerous advantages:

• Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices

• Exchange of information by means of e-Mails and full file transfer

protocol(FTP)

• Information sharing by using Web or Internet

• Interaction with other users using dynamic web pages

TOPIC 2

•Network Addressing
 NETWORK ADDRESSES

• A network address The first address of any block is called the

network address. It is used to identify the block in the Internet and so
it is not assigned to any host on that particular block.

• Use of Network Address

• Network address is used in routing a packet to the destination network.

To understand this let us consider 2 networks as shown in the picture
below.
 The IP Address

• An IP address is a unique address that identifies a

device on the internet or a local network. IP stands for
"Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing
the format of data sent via the internet or local
network.
 The IP Address

• In essence, IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be

sent between devices on a network: they contain location information
and make devices accessible for communication. The internet needs a
way to differentiate between different computers, routers, and
websites. IP addresses provide a way of doing so and form an essential
part of how the internet works.
 The IP Address

An IP address is a string of numbers separated by periods.

IP addresses are expressed as a set of four numbers — an
example address might be 192.158.1.38.
Each number in the set can range from 0 to 255. So, the
full IP addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255.
 The IP Address

IP addresses are not random. They are mathematically produced and
allocated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), a
division of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN).
 ICANN is a non-profit organization that was established in the United
States in 1998 to help maintain the security of the internet and allow it
to be usable by all. Each time anyone registers a domain on the internet,
they go through a domain name registrar, who pays a small fee to

ICANN to register the domain

 Types of IP addresses
There are different categories of IP addresses, and within each category, different types .

Consumer IP addresses

Every individual or business with an internet service plan will have two types
of IP addresses: their private IP addresses and their public IP address. The
terms public and private relate to the network location — that is, a private IP
address is used inside a network, while a public one is used outside a
network.
 Types of IP addresses
Private IP addresses

Every device that connects to your internet network has a private IP address. This includes
computers, smartphones, and tablets but also any Bluetooth-enabled devices like speakers,
printers, or smart TVs.

With the growing internet of things, the number of private IP addresses you have at home
is probably growing. Your router needs a way to identify these items separately, and many
items need a way to recognize each other. Therefore, your router generates private IP
addresses that are unique identifiers for each device that differentiate them on the network .
Public IP addresses

A public IP address is a primary address associated with your whole

network. While each connected device has its own IP address, they are also
included within the main IP address for your network. As described above,
your public IP address is provided to your router by your ISP. Typically,
ISPs have a large pool of IP addresses that they distribute to their customers.
Your public IP address is the address that all the devices outside your
internet network will use to recognize your network.
Public IP addresses

Public IP addresses come in two forms –

dynamic and

static..
Types of IP Address
Dynamic IP addresses

Dynamic IP addresses change automatically and regularly. ISPs

buy a large pool of IP addresses and assign them automatically to
their customers. Periodically, they re-assign them and put the
older IP addresses back into the pool to be used for other
customers.
Dynamic IP Address
 Dynamic IP Address

• Dynamic IP Address is a temporarily assigned IP Address to a network

element.
It can be assigned to a different device if it is not in use.
DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) or PPPoE(Point-to-Point
Protocol over Ethernet) assigns dynamic IP addresses.
Static IP addresses
In contrast to dynamic IP addresses, static addresses remain consistent. Once
the network assigns an IP address, it remains the same. Most individuals and
businesses do not need a static IP address, but for businesses that plan to
host their own server, it is crucial to have one. This is because a static IP
address ensures that websites and email addresses tied to it will have a
consistent IP address — vital if you want other devices to be able to find
them consistently on the web.
Static IP Address
 Static IP Address-

Static IP Address is an IP Address that once assigned to a

network element always remains the same.

They are configured manually.
Some ISPs do not provide static IP addresses.
Static IP Addresses are more costly than dynamic IP Addresses
 How to look up IP addresses

• The simplest way to check your router’s public IP address is to search

“What is my IP address?” on Google. Google will show you the answer
at the top of the page.
• Other websites will show you the same information: they can see your
public IP address because, by visiting the site, your router has made a
request and therefore revealed the information. The site IPLocation goes
further by showing the name of your ISP and your city.
Finding your private IP address varies by platform:

• In Windows:

Use the command prompt.

Search for “cmd” (without the quotes) using Windows search
In the resulting pop-up box, type “ipconfig” (no quote marks) to find the
information.
• On a Mac:

Go to System Preferences
Select network – and the information should be visible
 VERSION OF IP ADDRESS
•To access the internet from our devices,
you require an IP address, which acts as
a unique address for the device.
•There are two versions of IP addresses
to choose from, IPv4 and IPv6.
•.
Versions of IP Addresses
 VERSION OF IP ADDRESS
• What Is an IP Address?
• Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a set of
rules and a method designed to allow the device
to access the internet and serve as a unique
identification medium
 VERSION OF IP ADDRESS
• An Internet protocol address (IP address) is
designed to have a unique combination of
numbers and periods, such as 192.178.13.2.
• This combination of numbers acts as an identity
for the system when it connects to the internet for
accessing data.
 VERSION OF IP ADDRESS
• To meet the increasing demand of the IP address for
network devices, the original IP version, i.e., IPv4
(IP address version type 4), will not be able to cover
the need of users, so to overcome the situation of IP
address unavailability, IPv6 (IP address version type
6) address were introduced
 IPv4
• IPv4 stands for internet protocol version 4.
• It’s the most common version of IP addresses you’ll
see.
• All the IP addresses we discussed and described in
this session are IPv4 addresses.
• Anything with the XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX construction is an
IPv4 IP address.
• For years IPv4 has been the main game in town, and for now it still
very much is.

• But with the internet’s rapid growth, there’s concern that the over 4
billion IP addresses it could possibly generate using the IPv4
construction won’t cut it.

• So while for practical purposes, it’s the primary type of IP address

most consumers will encounter, it’s not the only option.
IP Address version 6
IP Address version 6
 IPv6
• To keep us from running out of IPv4 IP addresses, we
now also have IPv6.

• As you’d expect, this stands for internet protocol version

6 and is set up to allow for a far greater range of
addresses than its predecessor. It’s also sometimes
referred to as IPng, which stands for internet protocol
next generation.
 IPv6
• Where IPv4 is a 32-bit IP protocol address construction, IPv6 is 128-
bit one.

• Instead of portions of the address being separated by periods, they’re

divided by colons. And addresses can include both numerical and
alphabetical digits.

• An IPv6 address can therefore look something like this:

2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
HOW TO CHECK YOU IP ADDRESS
 IP Address Format
• IP Address is a 32 bit binary address written as 4 numbers separated
by dots.
The 4 numbers are called as octets where each octet has 8 bits.
The octets are divided into 2 components- Net ID and Host ID
IP Address Format
IP Address Format
Classification of IP Addresses
Classful Addressing
Classful Addressing
Classful Addressing
 Classful Addressing
Use- Class A is used by organizations requiring very large size networks
like NASA, Pentagon etc
Classful Addressing
 Classful Addressing
Use- Class B is used by organizations requiring medium size networks
like IRCTC, banks etc.
Classful Addressing
 Classful Addressing
Use-Class C is used by organizations requiring small to medium size
networks.
For example- engineering colleges, small universities, small offices etc.
 Classful Addressing
Use-Class C is used by organizations requiring small to medium size
networks.
For example- engineering colleges, small universities, small offices etc.