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Chapter 001

The document outlines the scope of microbiology, detailing the achievements of early scientists, various types of microscopes, and key theories such as spontaneous generation and germ theory. It discusses the classification of microorganisms, the role of taxonomy, and the significance of microorganisms in health, disease, and applied microbiology. Additionally, it covers Koch's postulates and the evolution of microorganisms, emphasizing their importance in various fields including agriculture, medicine, and environmental science.

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Greg Shook
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13 views30 pages

Chapter 001

The document outlines the scope of microbiology, detailing the achievements of early scientists, various types of microscopes, and key theories such as spontaneous generation and germ theory. It discusses the classification of microorganisms, the role of taxonomy, and the significance of microorganisms in health, disease, and applied microbiology. Additionally, it covers Koch's postulates and the evolution of microorganisms, emphasizing their importance in various fields including agriculture, medicine, and environmental science.

Uploaded by

Greg Shook
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Scope of Microbiology
Lesson 1.1:
Scope of Microbiology (1 of 2)
1. Describe the achievements of scientists
in the early years of microbiology.
2. Discuss the different types of
microscopes and their use.
3. Explain the theory of spontaneous
generation
4. Discuss the germ theory of disease and
its significance.
5. Name and describe Koch’s postulates.
Lesson 1.1:
Scope of Microbiology (2 of 2)
6. Discuss the origin and evolution of
microorganisms.
7. Describe the differences between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
8. Explain the role of taxonomy.
9. Describe the different ways of microbial
transmission.
10. Name and briefly describe the different
uses of microorganisms in everyday life.
Microbiology

 Study of microorganisms
 Variety of techniques used for:
 Visualization
 Identification
 Study of microbial function
 Science of microbiology
 Originated with invention of the microscope
Comparison of Cell Sizes

 Microscopy allowed humans to magnify


objects and microorganisms not
detectable by the naked eye.
 Technological advances have led to the

improvement of microscopes, which


became an essential investigative tool
for biology in general and for the study
of cells, tissues, and microorganisms.
Microscopy and Its Founding
Fathers
 Zaccharias and Hans Janssen
 Dutch eyeglass makers
 Produced the first compound microscope
around 1590
 Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
 Native of Holland
 Father of microscopy
 Observed protozoans and bacteria
 “Animalcules”
 Robert Hooke (1635–1703)
 English scientist
 Improved design & capability of the compound
light microscope
 Observed insects, sponges, protozoans, and
more
Light Microscopes
 Uses visible light and optical lenses
 Either simple or compound
 Ocular lens
 Objective lens
 Final magnification: Multiply the
enlarging power of both the ocular and
objective lenses
 Example: ×10 times ×4 = ×40
 Dissection and stereomicroscopes
 Low power: For observing whole objects
 Bright-field microscopes
 Background is lighter than observed
specimen
 Most specimens require fixing and staining
Dark-Field Microscopes

 Used to view unfixed, unstained


specimens such as living organisms
 Background dark, specimen bright
 Motility can be easily observed because

the organisms are alive


 The dark-field microscope illuminates

from the side rather than directly


through the specimen.
Phase-Contrast Microscopes

 Used to view unfixed, transparent


specimens
 Effective for observation of cytoplasmic

streaming, motility, and the dynamic


states of cell organelles
 Phase-contrast microscopy produces

high-contrast images of transparent


specimens such as living plant and
animal cells, microorganisms, and thin
tissue slices.
 The phase-contrast microscope

enhances the contrast of the image by


Fluorescence Microscopes

 Ultraviolet illumination
 Visualization of specimens that contain

naturally fluorescent substances or that


have been stained with fluorescent
stains/dyes
 Used in diagnosis of infectious diseases
 Used in microbial ecology
 Applied to identify specific antibodies in

response to antigens
Confocal Microscopes

 Sharper images
 Allows visualization of different planes

of a specimen
 Often by using a laser for illumination
 Image can be displayed three-
dimensionally with “electronic staining”
Electron Microscopes (1 of 2)

 Electron microscopes (EMs) are


sophisticated 20th-century instruments
 Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
 Electron beam goes through specimen
 Special preparation, sectioning, and staining
 Two-dimensional images
 Good internal detail
 Pictures are referred to as electron
micrographs
Electron Microscopes (2 of 2)

 Scanning (SEM)
 No sections
 Scans the surface of an object
 Three-dimensional image
Scanning Probe Microscopy
(SPM)
 A group of tools used to examine
structures down to the atomic level
 Examples include the atomic force

microscope (AFM) and the scanning


tunneling electron microscope (STEM)
Spontaneous Generation (1 of 3)

 Abiogenesis: Life develops from


nonliving matter
 Proponents
 Firmly believed that living things can come
from nonliving matter
 Opponents
 Started doubting and developed
experiments to contradict abiogenesis
 Louis Pasteur ended the controversy
Spontaneous Generation (2 of 3)

 Francesco Redi
 Maggots from fly eggs
 Antony van Leeuwenhoek
 Animalcules gave “fuel” for each side of the
debate
 John Needham
 Turbidity in boiled broth
• Claimed victory for abiogenesis
Spontaneous Generation (3 of 3)

 Lazzaro Spallanzani
 Repeated Needham’s experiment without
air access to the flask
 Louis Pasteur
 The definitive experiment with broth in
swan-necked flasks
Germ Theory of Disease (1 of 2)

 Suspicion that microorganisms cause


not only spoilage and decay but also
infectious disease
 Oliver Wendell Holmes
 Childbirth deaths linked to dirty hands of
midwives or physicians
 Ignaz Semmelweis
 Linked maternity infections to
contamination of hands
 Required chlorine solution wash
Germ Theory of Disease (2 of 2)

 Joseph Lister
 Expanded protocols with aerosol disinfection
 Introduced aseptic techniques
 Robert Koch
 Investigation of anthrax
 Convinced of the existence of infectious
microorganisms
 Koch’s postulates
 Edward Jenner
 Smallpox
 Immunization: Start of immunology
Koch’s Postulates

 Koch’s postulates state the following:


 The microbe must be present in every
animal with the disease, and absent in
healthy animals
 The microbe can be isolated and grown in
pure culture outside of the host
 The cultured microorganism must cause the
same disease in inoculated animals
 The same microorganism must then be
isolated from the inoculated animal
Origin and Evolution
of Microorganisms
 Origin
 The origin of microorganisms is described in
geological time
 The rich fossil record of prokaryotic life
suggests that microbes were perhaps the
first living things on earth
 Evolution
 Prokaryotes go back 3.5 to 4 billion years
 Eukaryotic life goes back 2.2 billion years
Classification of Microorganisms
(1 of 2)
 Prokaryotes
 No membrane-bound organelles, such as a
nucleus (pro, before; karyon, nucleus)
 Archaea, bacteria
 Eukaryotes
 With membrane-bound cell organelles
 Algae, fungi, protozoans
Classification of Microorganisms
(2 of 2)
 Viruses
 Noncellular, submicroscopic particles
 Consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a
protein coat
 Prions
 Not cellular, not viral, lack nucleic acids
 Proteins that misfold and become an
infectious agent
 Viroids
 Do not have a protein coat
 Are plant pathogens
Taxonomy (1 of 2)

 The formal system of organizing,


classifying, and naming living organisms
 Domain, kingdom, phylum (division for

bacteria), class, order, family, and genus,


species, strain
 Binomial (scientific) nomenclature:

Established by Linnaeus
 Escherichia coli
Taxonomy (2 of 2)

 Each organism has at least two names:


Genus and species
 Scientific names are italicized or

underlined
 Genus is capitalized, and species is in

lower case
 After the first use, scientific names may

be abbreviated with the first letter of


the genus
 E. coli
 Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology
Woese-Fox System: Three
Domains
 Based
on genetic rather than
morphologic similarities
 Bacteria
 Archaea
 Eukarya
• Protists
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals
Microorganisms in
Health and Disease (1 of 2)
 Microbial ecology
 Often deals with biofilms
 Interactions
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Synergism
• Parasitism
Microorganisms in
Health and Disease (2 of 2)
 Normal flora versus pathogens
 Foodborne diseases
 Organism/toxin contamination
 Waterborne diseases
 Organism contamination
 Airborne diseases
 Aerosols
Applied Microbiology (1 of 2)

 Food production
 Yogurt, bread
 Alcoholic beverages
 Wine, beer
 Treatment of water supplies
 Indicator organisms
 Pharmaceutical agents
 Penicillin
Applied Microbiology (2 of 2)

 Agriculture
 Soil microbes, nitrogen cycle
 Bioremediation
 Petroleum-digesting bacteria
 Energy
 Fuel cells, ethanol, methane
 Forensics
 Medicine, criminal justice, epidemiology,
bioterrorism

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