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Finalptrp

The document discusses Z-tests and T-tests, which are statistical methods for comparing sample means to population means. Z-tests are applicable when the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is large, while T-tests are used for smaller samples with unknown population standard deviations. Both tests help determine if observed differences are statistically significant, guiding decisions based on hypothesis testing.

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4 views16 pages

Finalptrp

The document discusses Z-tests and T-tests, which are statistical methods for comparing sample means to population means. Z-tests are applicable when the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is large, while T-tests are used for smaller samples with unknown population standard deviations. Both tests help determine if observed differences are statistically significant, guiding decisions based on hypothesis testing.

Uploaded by

meghanar679
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Z-Test And T-

Test
• Presented By:
Tejashwini S (2023BCSE07AED510)
Meghana M (2023BCSE07AED525)
Shreya Reddy S(2023BCSE07AED526)
Suprit R Patil (2023BCSE07AED529)
Manoj N (2023BCSE07AED533)
Vijay M S(2023BCSE07AED553)
Introduction
• Probability is everywhere. It's the mathematical language of
uncertainty. Understanding how chance works helps us make
informed decisions in everything we do, from deciding on an
investment strategy to predicting the likelihood of success in a
scientific experiment.
• Random variables are the cornerstone of this understanding, as they
help quantify the outcomes of random phenomena. Probability
distributions play a crucial role in statistics, helping to model and
analyze real-world situations involving uncertainty.
Hypothesis Testing
•Hypothesis Testing: A statistical method used to
make decisions or inferences about a population
based on sample data.
•It tests an assumption (hypothesis) to determine if
there is enough evidence to support or reject it.
•Null Hypothesis (H₀): Assumes no effect or no
difference
•Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Assumes there is an
effect or difference
•p-value: Probability of observing results if H₀ is true
•α (alpha): Significance level (commonly 0.05)
Basic Terms
Sample Mean (x̄ ) Population Mean (μ) Population Standard Deviation(σ)
x̄ represents the sample mean. μ represents the population mean. σ represents the population
It's the average of your sample It's the average of the entire standard deviation.
data. Calculate by summing population. This is often a known It measures the spread of
all values and dividing by the or hypothesized value. the population data.
number of values. A higher σ means more variability.

Sample Size (n)


n represents the sample size. It's the number of observations in your sample.
Z-test
• A Z-test is a statistical method used to
determine whether there is a significant
difference between sample and population
means, or between the means of two
samples.
• The Z-test assumes the population variance
is known.
• Used for hypothesis testing.
• Requires a normal distribution.
• Sensitive to sample size.
When to Use:
Use when you know the population standard
deviation. Also, use when your sample size is
greater than 30. If not, consider a t-test.
•
•σμ==Population
Population mean
standard deviation
•σ = Population standard deviation
•n = Sample size
• = Sample size
•σn/ √n = Standard error

The Z-test formula


•σ / √n = Standard error

Z = (x̄ - μ) / (σ / √n)
Where
• Z = Z-score (test statistic)
• x̄ = Sample mean
• μ = Population mean
• σ = Population standard deviation
• n = Sample size
• σ / √n = Standard error
Interpretatio
ns of Z-Tests
• Significance P-value < 0.05, reject null
hypothesis.
• Confidence - 95% confidence level,
results are reliable.
• 2 Tail Test-One-tailed or two-
tailed test.
Problem 1
•A tyre company claims that the lives of the tyres have mean 42,000 kms with S.D. of
4000 kms. A change in the production process is believed to result in better product. A
test sample of 81 new tyres has a mean life of 42,500 kms. Test at 5% level of
significance that the new product is significantly better than the old one.

Output:
Z-score: 1.125
Critical Z-value (one-tailed, alpha = 0.05): 1.645
• Result: Fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0).
T - Test
• The T-test is a statistical technique used to
compare a sample mean with a population
mean, especially when the population standard
deviation is unknown and the sample size is
small (typically less than 30).
• It helps determine whether the difference
observed in the sample data is due to random
chance or if it is statistically significant.
• There are different types of T-tests, such as the
one-sample T-test, independent two-sample T-
test, and paired T-test.
T-Test Formula

t = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s / √n)


Where:
• x̄ = Sample mean
• μ₀ = Hypothesized population mean under the
null hypothesis
• s = Sample standard deviation
• n = Sample size
• t = T-statistic (test statistic)
Interpreta
tions
of T-Tests
• p-value: Probability that the observed
results happened by chance
p < 0.05: statistically significant
difference
p ≥ 0.05: no significant difference
• Confidence Interval: If it does not
include 0, the difference is likely
significant
Problem 2
•Ten individuals are chosen at random from a population and their heights in inches are found
to be 63, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70, 71, 71. Test the hypothesis that the mean height of the
universe is 66 inches.

Output:
Sample mean: 67.80
Sample standard deviation: 2.8302
t-score: 2.011
Critical t-value (two-tailed, alpha = 0.05): ±2.262
• Result: Fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0).
Conclusion
• The Z-test and T-test are statistical methods used to determine whether there is a
significant difference between a sample mean and a known or assumed
population mean.
• The Z-test is used when the population standard deviation is known and the
sample size is large, while the T-test is used when the population standard
deviation is unknown and the sample size is small.
• If the test statistic is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis
and conclude that the sample mean is significantly different from the population
mean.
• If it is less than or equal to the critical value, we fail to reject the null hypothesis,
indicating that there is not enough evidence to support a significant difference.
Thank You

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