WEEK 1:

STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION OF
AND
PROBABILIT ?
?
Y ?
MS. AMELYN ALEGADO
LPT
 LEARNING
1.Define what OUTLINES:
is Statistics
2.Divisions (branches) of Statistics
?
3.Differentiate Population and
Sample
4.Classification of data
5.Scales (Level) of Measurement of
data
6.Steps in Statistical Investigation
7.Methods of collecting data
 WHAT IS
STATISTICS?
?
 WHAT IS
- from a Latin word
STATISTIC “status” which means
S? state
- A science (branch of
STATISTICS
Mathematics) that
AS A TOOL IN deals with collection,
DECISION- presentation, analysis,
MAKING and interpretation of
 DIVISION (BRANCHES) OF
STATISTICS
1.DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
2.INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
 DIVISION (BRANCHES) OF
1. DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
• summarizes or describes the important
STATISTICS
characteristics of a given set of data. It involves the
collection, organization, summarization, and
presentation of data. It is being applied once the set
of data refers to a population or to a sample.
Examples:
1.The average body temperature of 50 people is
36.75°C
2.The deviation of scores of all examinees from the
recent board examination for teachers is 7.
3.The monthly income of a nurse in the Philippines is
₱22,500.
 DIVISION (BRANCHES) OF
2. INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
• aims to give information about the population by
STATISTICS
studying the characteristics of the sample drawn
from it.
• It is the branch of statistics that interprets and
draws conclusions from data. It uses hypothesis
testing.
• Used to say something about larger group
Example:
(population) using information collected from a small
In a sample survey conducted, 65% of Filipino Generation Z prefer to
part
drink milkof
teathat
than population (sample)
coffee while only 34% of Filipino Millennials prefer to
drink milk tea than coffee
 BASIC
CONCEPTS:
• Set - a group or collection of objects or
numbers, considered as an entity unto
itself.
• Universe (target population) - is the set
of all entities under study. The entire
group of people or objects to which the
researcher wishes to generalize the
 BASIC
CONCEPTS:
• Population (accessible population) – is the set
of complete collection or totality of all possible
values of the variables. The portion of the
universe to which the researcher has
reasonable access; may be a subset of the
target population (universe).(Group of people,
animals, things or ideas to which any
conclusion based on characteristics of sample
will be applied)
•
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
Parameter – describes the
population, refers to
specific characteristic of
the population subject of
interest or subject of
investigation that is
measurable.
Statistic – describe the
samples, refers to the
characteristics of the
samples
 PARAMETER AND STATISTICS

• Parameter – A numerical measure that

describes a population (totality).
Ex. The population mean IQ of the students of a
certain university is 101.

• Statistic – A numerical measure that describes

a sample (portion).
Ex. The sample mean IQ of 45 students of a
certain university is 101.
 STATISTICAL
DATA
• DATA – a result of experimentation, observation,
investigation and other means and often appears
as a numerical figure and then evaluated to make
it into useful knowledge.

- Refers to any information concerning to a

population or sample
 CLASSIFICATION
(NATURE) OF DATA
• Types of data according to SOURCE
• Types of data according to FUNCTIONAL
RELATIONSHIP
• Types or CATEGORIES of data
• Classification of data according to SCALE OF
MEASUREMENT
 CLASSIFICATION
(NATURE) OF DATA
• Data – refers to any information concerning to a
population or sample. Pieces of information or
facts for reference.
• Variable – refers to the different
characteristics of the population or the
sample, that continuously varies.
 CLASSIFICATION (NATURE) OF
DATA
A. Types of data ACCORDING TO SOURCE

• Primary Data – refer to information which is

gathered directly from the original source.

• Secondary Data – refer to information which

is taken from a secondary source.
 CLASSIFICATION (NATURE) OF
EXAMPLES: DATA
Primary Data Secondary Data
-Information that is -Information or data that
gathered by an is taken from newspaper
interviewer from an
interviewee -information from
published or
-data that is written by unpublished book
an applicant to his bio
data (resume) -information from thesis
 CLASSIFICATION (NATURE) OF
DATA
B. Types of data ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL
RELATIONSHIP
• Independent Data – refer to any controlling
data.
Data which are not affected by any
other data.

• Dependent Data – any data that is affected

 CLASSIFICATION (NATURE) OF
EXAMPLES: DATA
Remember that the dependent variable is affected by
the changes you make in the independent variable.

Independent Data Dependent Data

• blood type • blood pressure
• age • score in a test
• gender of G11 • monthly phone bills
students • monthly income
• time
 CLASSIFICATION (NATURE) OF
DATA and Dependent
Examples of Independent
Variables
Remember that the dependent variable is affected by the
changes you make in the independent variable.
 CLASSIFICATION (NATURE) OF
DATA
C. TYPES or CATEGORIES OF DATA

• Qualitative Data – uses categories or

attributes that are distinguished by some
non-numeric characteristics

• Quantitative Data – consist of numbers

representing counts or measurements
 CLASSIFICATION (NATURE) OF
EXAMPLES: DATA

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

• Gender • Weights
• Religion • Heights
• race/ethnicity • Temperature
• responses such as • Scores
“Yes” or “No” • number of enrollees
• color of the skin • length
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
DATA
• Discrete Data – can assume a finite or countable
number of values. Cannot be represented by
fractions or decimal numbers but any whole
number only.
- values obtained by counting
• Continuous Data – can assume infinity of many
possible values corresponding to the points on
a line interval.
- values obtained by measuring
 QUANTITATIVE DATA
EXAMPLES:

Discrete Data Continuous Data

• Scores • temperature
• no. of enrollees • Heights
• number of table • Weights
• number of recorded • length of the tables
body temperatures • size of a classroom
• number of schools • blood pressure
 Classification of Data
According to
Scales of Measurement
1.Nominal
2.Ordinal
3.Interval
4.Ratio
 Classification of data according to SCALES OF
MEASUREMENT
*upon drawing inferences from a sample, type of measurement scale
Four levels of measurement used in preparing
must be carefully chosen
data for
analysis
-It is the manner in which something is measured.

• Nominal – data that consists of names, labels, or

categories only
• Ordinal – measurements deal with order or rank,
provides comparison but the degrees of difference are
not available
• Interval – show likeness, differences and give
meaningful amounts between data. It does not have a
Steps in Statistical
Investigation
 5 Steps in Statistical
Investigation
1. Identification of the problem – formulate a problem
or concept that is worth to study, to be investigated, to
understand it
2. Collection of Data – refers to the different methods
and techniques of gathering the data.
3. Presentation of Data – refers to the tabulation and
organization of data in tables, graphs & chart.
4. Analysis of Data – the processes of deriving relevant
information from the gathered data through the
different statistical tools.
5. Interpretation of Data – refers to the task of drawing
conclusions or inferences from the analyzed data.
Methods of Collecting Data
1.Direct or Interview Method
2.Indirect or Questionnaire Method
3.Registration Method
4.Observation Method
5.Experiment Method
 Methods of Presenting
Data
1.Textual Form
2.Tabular Form
3.Graphical Form
 Methods of Presenting Data
1.Textual Form - data is presented in paragraph form
2.Tabular Form - data are presented in tables (rows and
columns).
Row and column must be well defined or
labeled
Parts of the table: Title, Row’s name, Column’s
name, cell description
3.Graphical Form - Data are presented in visual forms.
Common Graphical Presentations:
a. Bar Chart
b. Pie Chart
c. Pareto Chart
 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING!